A Brief Note On Medical And Healthcare Ethics - 1822 Words

Ethics in Research Jaclyn Bzdusek HSC320 – Applied Medical and Healthcare Ethics Instructor Rick Hall Arizona State University August 3, 2015 Ethics in Research From bench to bedside Developing new treatments or studying physiological/pathophysiological processes require different methods of research. Some tests require humans and others require animals. How do we know when each one is necessary? Well, it really depends on the type of research that is being conducted. Animals are studied so that researchers can learn more about how living organisms work and how diseases affect their bodies. There are many laws in place in the U.S. to protect research animals and human subjects. At the moment there are no alternatives to conducting†¦show more content†¦In other words, they want animals to be tested with drugs and experimented on before they move on to test the human participants to protect the welfare of the humans. In order to protect the welfare of animals, they are not the initial test for medicines. Computers and test tubes are the initial screenings and tests in research studies to protect the human subjects and the animals. So I think that there are a lot of steps in the process before we get to animals and humans. Clinical Research Ethics Our history has plenty of examples of ethical violations in clinical research. It wasn’t until 1906 that the Pure Food and Drug Act was passed and started the road to protecting human participants in research. Before then, there were no regulations regarding the ethical usage of humans in research. There are several cases of what you could call unethical medical research studies in our history. From 1932-1972, the Tuskegee Syphilis Study (which was sponsored by the U.S. Department of Health), studied the effects of untreated syphilis in 400 African American men by withholding treatment. The subjects were not even told that they were in an experiment and most of the subjects believed that they were getting treated for â€Å"bad blood†. During World War 2, concentration camp prisoners were conducted upon by the German scientists for research. On December 9, 1946, 23 scientists and administrators were put on trial for allowing these crimes against humanity and war crimes. The

LEARNERS AND LEARNING ASSIGNMENT 4 Essay - 1608 Words

LEARNERS AND LEARNING ASSIGNMENT 4 INTRODUCTION Students learning English as a foreign language are often confronted with the challenge of learning and using English effectively. Some students seem to cope with the difficulties of language learning with great success and neither little effort, while for others the task is neither an enjoyable nor a successful one. What is it that makes learning a new language so easy for some and so difficult for others? One reason is that â€Å"each student has his/her own preferred way of learning that is determined by his/her cultural and educational background and personality† (Shoebottom, 2007). BRIEF LESSON OUTLINE In this assignment I evaluated differences in learners’ responses and†¦show more content†¦By doing these various activities, I could avoid boredom and increase their interest levels during the one hour lesson. Williams (1999) cites the work of Gardner (1985) and defines motivation as consisting of effort, plus desire to achieve the goal of learning, plus favorable attitudes towards learning the language. A distinction is made between integrative (or intrinsic) orientation, which occurs when the learner wishes to identify with the culture of the target language, and instrumental (extrinsic) orientation, which occurs when motivation arises from external goals, such as passing exams, financial rewards, or furthering a career. Lamb, M. (2012) adds a third category: success in the task, which is a combination of satisfaction and reward.  PERSONALITY One of the challenges I faced teaching this lesson (in the beginning) was the discipline. I made clear right from the start of the lesson what the rules of the classroom were and the consequences of not behaving well, this made the students behavior in my classroom much better The personality of the group as a whole was of outgoing teenagers. They were eager to participate and even the shy ones contributed willingly in this lesson. A few of them, the extroverts, were the ones who volunteered more. Usually, these are the most prominent students, and this helped in modeling correctly for their peers. They had no problem in followingShow MoreRelatedThe Analysis : Fleming Mills1212 Words   |  5 Pagesdetermine students’ learning preference. The goal of each question is to place a reader in a situation they have experienced before and ask for their preferred action (Fleming Mills, 1992). Based on the answers provided, the VARK identifies a learning preference, which can include one of the four styles: visual, aural, read/write, or kinesthetic (Fleming Mills, 1992). After completing the questionnaire, VARK identified the read/write style as the preferred method of learning for this author. Read MorePeer Review : Draft Of Literature1485 Words   |  6 Pagescomponents, some of which learners have partially mastered or lack completely (Bulger, 2006). Writing has been characterized as one of the most challenging area of literacy (Castek, Hartman, Leu, Coiro, Henry Zawilinski, 2007). Literacy and writing are interchangeable. According to the 2014 report by the National Council of Teachers, literacy requirements of our society are increasing and expected to continue to increase. Many researchers estimate by 2020, learners will need powerful abilitiesRead Morehealth and safety social care1187 Words   |  5 Pagesï » ¿Assignment composition Assignment overview In this assignment you will demonstrate your knowledge and understanding of health and safety in social care settings. You will use case studies to show your awareness of the legislative framework, identify hazards and assess levels of risk. You will demonstrate your awareness of the use of care or support plans and risk assessment in social care. You will investigate topical issues, examine incidents and make assessments of the appropriateness ofRead MoreInstructional Strategies And Intrinsic Motivation Are Keys For Adjunct Faculty1274 Words   |  6 Pagesadult learners more enthusiastic when variable instructional methodologies are used. In encouraging active participation of students, a supportive environment must be provided at all times. There are some strategies that can help moving the student from an unenthusiastic learner to an engaged learner that is intrinsically motivated. First of all, to encourage students to draw on past experiences and provide a discussion with active participation; as well encouraging them to share their learning expectationsRead MoreLearning Styles Literary Review1726 Words   |  7 Pagesand Principles of Learning (TPPL) Assignment Part A – Literature review analysing theories and principles of learning. Learning Styles A student’s individual learning style is their normal reaction to information or experiences. For example, Keefe (1979) defines learning styles as the composite of characteristic cognitive, affective, and physiological factors that serve as relatively stable indicators of how a learner perceives, interacts with, and responds to the learning environment., orRead MoreIntroduction to Marketing890 Words   |  4 PagesAssignment brief – QCF BTECAssignment front sheet | Qualification | Unit number and title | BTEC Level 3 90 credit Diploma in Business | 3 Introduction to Marketing | Learner name | Assessor name | | Julie Flavell | Date issued | Hand in deadline | Submitted on | | | | | | Assignment title | Market Segmentation | In this assessment you will have opportunities to provide evidence against the following criteria. Indicate the page numbers where the evidence can be foundRead MoreTeaching the New-Learner1541 Words   |  7 Pages â€Æ' The new-learner is an emotionally and hormonally driven person, whose influence lies within their socio-emotional status. They are driven by social and media influence more than ever with the increased availability of information on technology. The new learner has to face a wider range of challenges compared to the learner of ten years ago, from the technology boom to the availability of information from the cyber world and from the education system. The question that comes to mind has the socio-economicalRead MoreUnit 2 Assignment P2 P3 M11036 Words   |  5 PagesNicky Edwards, Patricia Britto Issue Date: w/c 6th October 2014 Hand in date: 24th October 2014 Criteria 1st Referral Hand in Date 2nd Referral Hand in Date Grade Achieved Signed Dated by Lecturer P2 P3 M1 Learning Outcomes On completion of this unit a learner should: 2 Know discriminatory practices in health and social care Internal verification: Date: Signature: Remember! Your attention is drawn to the comments made in the student program guide with regard to bothRead MoreCelta Syllabus Assessment Essay5688 Words   |  23 PagesTopic descriptions......................................................................................................................................................................................................... Topic 1 Learners and teachers, and the teaching and learning context.......................................................................................... Topic 2 Language analysis and awareness......................................................................................Read MoreWhy It Is Important That I Understand What Independent Learning1408 Words   |  6 Pageswhat independent learning is† â€Å"Independent learning skills are one of the secrets to success† (DAVIS OWEN, 2009 in FIELD, R., DUFFY, J. HUGGINS A. p: 1) As the author Meyer inform us there are many definitions for the term of â€Å"Independent learning† (MEYER et al, 2008). One of this terms is called â€Å"self-directed learning† but is more likely to use the term â€Å"self-regulated learning† instead (MEYER et al, 2008 p: 2). According to Michael Grahame Moore â€Å"Independent learning is an educational

Critical Reflection of Roles of Group Members-Samples for Students

Question: Analysis of and critical reflection of roles of group members. Critical analysis of professional practice issues, and participant involvement and feedback. Answer: Introduction Leadership forms an important part of our life. Leaders exist in every field. They are the people who excel at something and make a significant mark in the industry. Leaders guide, motivate and work together with their team and help them in their growth and development (Goleman, 2017). There are various great leaders across the globe who have change the shape of the world through their excellent leadership skills. Through this course I have learnt a lot about leadership and I strongly believe that there has been a massive improvement in my leadership ability. There were various activities which were conducted throughout the course which helped us analyze our leadership abilities as well as helped us improve upon the same. Through this report, I have attempted to reflect upon my journey throughout the course via the Gibbs reflective cycle. The rationale behind choosing this framework was to make it easier for the readers to understand my experience as well as cover all the important aspects of my learning. The group Through the course we have participated in various activities and organized two workshops where we were consultants. We worked in the group of four people. Our experience of working together has also taught me a lot about team work and leadership skills. As a group we were very comfortable with each other as we knew each other from a long time. Therefore, at the very beginning of the workshop we had established an open communication for all participants. We encouraged each other to speak freely about any concerns that a person may face. Transparent communication is essential in the success of any team dynamic (Levi, 2015). I have always been an introvert and therefore this kind of an encouragement also helped me get comfortable around my group members. We worked together and spent a lot of time in each others company. This helped me know these people better and develop a better rapport with them all. There were various activities and role plays that involved one of us to perform a leadership role. Our group dynamic was very flexible and everyone was given an equal work opportunity within the group. We performed an exercise coach, coaching and observer. The exercise and workshop done by us was very productive and helped us understand various leadership dynamics. In one of the activities, we discussed what leadership traits apply to us and I related most with Stodgill (1974). This was because I have always been an achiever, high on self-confidence and I take on responsibilities seriously. I am also very cooperative and understanding towards my team and often believe that I am able to have a significant a mount of influence on my people. All these traits were identified through CBC technique. It was a major help as it helped me a get a deeper insight about my own self. We are very different people with varied personalities. The three people that I worked with had personality types ESFP, ENFP, ESFJ and I am myself an ISFJ (Furnham, 2017). It was an immense learning experience to work with these people. There was a lot of mutual respect and admiration and we worked hard with the shared goal of learning. Conflicts As a group of people, we also faced a few conflicts. This was mostly owing to the different personality types and ego clashes. However, if there was a conflict or any kind of tension experienced by two people of the group, the other two tried to resolve the matter. We all understood that everyone is working towards a shared goal and we tried to respect each others opinions. Such conflicts within the group temporarily impact the groups overall performance and specifically disrupts the flow of communication (Yang Li, 2017). A conflict impacts the working environment of the group and spreads negativity. The good part was that since the very beginning, we had opened the gates to transparent communication and that largely helped us in resolving conflicts as and when they occurred. Workshops One of the activities that we conducted included how to put together a workshop. Therefore, We organized a workshop as consultants in the group of four. In the first workshop, we participated in a group development exercise and delivered a 10 minute training on leadership. This was my first experience at conducting a workshop and hence I learnt how to start the workshop and break the ice with a set of new participants. I also took additional roles. I was keeping time and informing people about time throughout their activity. I was also recording the session. There were a few exercises that we were unable to conduct due to limited resources. But overall the entire experience was that of immense learning. When I was a participant in the workshop, it was difficult for me to understand the relevancy of various theories. However, when I conducted the workshop as a consultant I got a clearer picture. We learnt about the LMX framework that taught us the importance of an effective leader member relationship. Firstly, we were asked to decide upon a leader of our choice. There were various cards and since I had read immensely about Steve Jobs, I suggested that we select Steve Jobs. Steve Jobs is a transformational leader who built a firm from the scratch. He always led by example and attracted a wide range of followers and team members through his charisma, honest and passion (Abraham, 2014). We also discussed about transformational leadership. One interesting thing to note was that everyone was talking about what they expected from the other person rather than perceiving themselves as a transformational leader. Upon further research, we established that this is one of the limitations of the theory and there is an ongoing academic debate for the same. We also discussed the case study The unmanageable star (Harvard Business Review, 2013). Different people had to offer different opinions about the case. The case had to right or wrong answers but it was interesting to see the opinions of people with different personalities. The case was also a learning experience for us because it helped me understand that despite delivering numbers and performance in a business, people management skill is also highly crucial (Notgrass, 2014). The second workshop that we conducted was on situational leadership. There were three main players in the scenario, managing director, a newly appointed manager who needs to prove himself and new managers who are losing their management status. The HR manager is an observer in the scenario. This role play helped me understand different thinking processes of different people. I understood the situational leadership theory and the behavior of the manager was also very inspiring. Self The course and the workshop have been a source of immense learning for me. There are various aspects of my personality that I need to work upon in order to be a successful leader in life. At the same point of time, there are various aspects of my personality that would help me in enhancing my leadership abilities. We also discussed how coaching helps in developing oneself and how can we help develop others through coaching. My ability to empathize and connect with people is one of my biggest strengths. I try to remain calm in the situations of conflicts and I try to find the best and the most effective solution to a problem. As a leader, I try to take my team together and help in the personal growth and development of all my team members. I put efforts in ensuring that they all have equal performance opportunity. On the other hand, my communication skills are that aspect of my personality that I need to work upon. Communication skills will help the leaders in motivating, guiding and building a deeper connection with their teammates (Men, 2014). I tried my level best to actively participate in all the group activities and ensure that the group works towards a shared goal. Despite being an introvert, I worked towards establishing a positive connect with my team members. My overall experience throughout the course has been a positive one. I have learnt a lot in this journey and I will make sure that I work towards improving my leadership abilities. Besides communication skills, I also need to make sure that I remain patient and calm as this will enable me to take the most rationale step in any given situation. Future For the future, I have a small action plan in mind which would help me develop myself as a leader. I need to work upon breaking my barriers and begin communicating with new people on a daily basis. This will help me become comfortable in my communication with people and will also help me in connecting with my team mates in a better manner. I would also work towards building Mann (1995)s traits of a leader and work upon my extroversion, dominance, adjustment and conservatism. I learnt that my empathy, people management skills, creativity and the ability to lead by example are my biggest strengths in the leadership role that I would attain. I have also understood the importance of creating a positive environment in the workplace. Little can be achieved in a team if the team dynamics between really talented people is very negative. Leadership is a very important part of ones life and I am truly grateful to this course for having introduced me to the concept in such a positive and productive manner. I am sure that the learnings that I have gained in these workshops will enhance my leadership abilities and help me in becoming a great leader to an even better team in the future. References Abraham, M. (2014).Five Leadership skills that made Steve Jobs transform Apple. GRIN Verlag. Furnham, A. (2017). Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI). InEncyclopedia of Personality and Individual Differences(pp. 1-4). Springer International Publishing. Goleman, D. (2017).Leadership That Gets Results (Harvard Business Review Classics). Harvard Business Press. Harvard Business review, (2013), The Unmanageable star performer, https://hbr.org/2013/02/case-study-the-unmanageable-st, retrieved on 27 February, 2018. Levi, D. (2015).Group dynamics for teams. Sage Publications. Men, L. R. (2014). Why leadership matters to internal communication: Linking transformational leadership, symmetrical communication, and employee outcomes.Journal of Public Relations Research,26(3), 256-279. Notgrass, D. (2014). The relationship between followers perceived quality of relationship and preferred leadership style.Leadership Organization Development Journal,35(7), 605-621. Yang, I., Li, M. (2017). Can absent leadership be positive in team conflicts? An examination of leaders avoidance behavior in China.International Journal of Conflict Management,28(2), 146-165.

Marketing Plan for Day Care Operations the Making of CareMax Childrens Center, Hazel Green, Alabama

Background Summary CareMax children’s center is a limited liability company (LLC) located in Hazel Green, Alabama, and operated by the George Williamson family. CareMax has largely concentrated its activities in the provision of daycare services for the Hazel Green community of an estimated 4,200 residents and 1,340 households as of July 2007 (City-Data.Com, 2010).Advertising We will write a custom report sample on Marketing Plan for Day Care Operations: the Making of CareMax Children’s Center, Hazel Green, Alabama specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The center was carefully designed and developed after the realization that professional childcare is a necessity in every civilization, from small towns to large cities. From its inception, the center has been received warmly by the community especially due to its multifaceted nature and capacity to offer timely, flexible, and individualized day care services to the minors in different age categories. CareMax Center officially opened for business in 2003, with a license to provide daycare services for thirty-five children. Presently, CareMax is licensed for seventy children aged six weeks to six years. 62 children are currently enrolled at the center, representing 88.6 percent enrollment level. The center appreciates the fact that children need to be treated with warmth and respect. Its mission statement is to provide high quality childcare services with a bias on developmentally appropriate activities for the minors under our care. The key rudiments of CareMax’s business concern are as follows: Diversified services — the center has increasingly diversified its services to maintain competitive advantage while ensuring that parents of children with specialized needs benefit from our exceptional services. Convenient location — the center is located at the heart of Hazel Green community, and is easily accessible from all directions. Its magnificent buildings and stupendous age-appropriate play stations reveals the center’s dedication to the wellbeing and comfort of children, and also serves to instill a permanent unique image on the mindsets of parents about the center’s capacity to offer splendid services and care to their children Investment in employees — Given the labor-intensive nature prevalent in the industry, CareMax has invested heavily in the number and quality of its employees to keep in line with its tradition and mission of offering high quality childcare with a view of assisting the child attain the fullest potential during the formative years of development. The center has 10 full-time members of staff and 2 CPR certified supervisors. CareMax has also engaged the services of a nursing officer to cater for the health needs of children under our care. All our staff members have contributed individually and collectively to the success of CareMax. Quality services — CareM ax is extremely aware that parents are increasingly relying on independent rating services or recommendations from friends about the quality of services offered by daycare operators (Lownes-Jackson, 2004). As such, the center has invested heavily in developing superior capacity to ensure daycare services are delivered in a highly efficient environment that ensure core values and procedures are stringently followed by caregivers in the process of satisfying customers’ needs. Quality services have enabled the center to retain its competitive advantage as the preferred daycare services provider in the wider Hazel Green’s area, Alabama. Strong financial muscle — CareMax has been able to maintain a strong financial might despite low levels in the industry occasioned by high operating costs. This has been primarily achieved by maintaining steady growth through aggressive advertisement and the admirable reputation the center has been able to create for itself. The stro ng financial background has enabled the center to continue offering quality services to preschoolers despite the high overhead costs. Customers The George Williamson family first initiated the child development center with a view of giving quality childcare to low-income families living within Hazel Green’s community, Alabama. The racial makeup within the community is predominantly white, with blacks accounting for less than 3 percent of the population in the area (City-Data.Com, 2010). The original mission was to offer children from low-income families a stable, inspiring, and loving environment during their formative years of development. The perception that lower income parents could not afford to pay for quality childcare while they worked greatly influenced the philosophy and value system under which the center operated during its early years. CareMax center has greatly evolved in its customer portfolio to serve all kinds of working parents with preschool children. Howe ver, the center still retains special fees structure for low-income families that may require its services. This has served to endear the center to the community, making it to become part-and-parcel of Hazel Green’s community.Advertising Looking for report on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Its major customers include parents working in organizations, hospitals, local and regional schools, government agencies, and other service-oriented firms. Some of the needs these customers have in requesting the services of the center include: Need to continue working while still nurturing a preschool child — statistics reveal that 65 percent of all mothers in the US with children under the age of five years are actively engaged in the workforce. These children require specialized services and attention, and CareMax center offers both. Security concerns — some parents are apprehensive about leavin g their children under the care of nannies and relatives. At CareMax, the security of children is of paramount importance, and no incidence of inappropriate handling has been reported to the authorities for the eight years the facility has been in operation. Individual development of children — parents need their children to encounter experiences that will advance their physical, social, emotional, spiritual and cognitive development. Not only does the environment at CareMax guarantees all the above, but it also promotes independence, enhanced self-esteem, constructive problem solving, and positive feelings of self-worth among the preschoolers. Products CareMax center mainly concerns itself with offering products in terms of providing daycare services for children in the wider Hazel Green’s region, Alabama. The center offers unique and diversified services to children in three broad age categories, namely 6 weeks to 1 year; 1 year to 3 years; and 3 years to 6 years. T he services offered at CareMax includes not only the particular services presented for sale to parents with preschool children, but also the reputation, image, and other innovative services offered by the institution such as puzzle and coloring areas (Lownes-Jackson, 2004). The main services of catering for the children’s individual development are tailored to meet the specific requirements of each age category and any other specialized requirements that may be dictated by the parents or guardians of children with special needs. The center provides entertainment and quality food to the children while they are in attendance. In addition to its core function of offering quality childcare, the center offers the following services to reinforce its earnings: Transportation services to and from the center for the children Specialized pre-arranged elderly care Operates an elementary school Pre-college counseling through its College Mentorship Programme Matching the Products with t he needs of Customers CareMax center exercises an open-door business policy whereby all parents and guardians with children at the school are invited after every two months to give their views on how childcare should be offered. Little children have very specialized needs, and thus the center benefits immensely from the frequent interactions between the parents and the administration, not mentioning the fact that such meetings offer a platform for the parents to expressively state their needs, and for the management to act decisively in developing products that will match up to the stated needs. Such an interaction has greatly assisted the child development center to remain ever conscious of the ever changing business environment. The center is always prepared to alter its operations and change direction when the needs of its major clients – the parents – demands so.Advertising We will write a custom report sample on Marketing Plan for Day Care Operations: the Mak ing of CareMax Children’s Center, Hazel Green, Alabama specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Product Development The center takes cognizance of the fact that it must continually develop new products and services if it is to remain relevant in modern-day competitive environment (Lownes-Jackson, 2004). Towards this objective, the parents are involved in the development of new services for their children, and are adequately informed about the advantages and disadvantages of the new services in terms of assisting the children to develop healthily in all critical facets of life. CareMax takes extraordinary measures to ensure that new services are safe and of relevance to the children’s learning capabilities according to regulations stated by the authorities. CareMax center is particularly keen to involve parents in the process of concept development since they form the center’s target market. The center is always keen to in corporate productive views presented by the parents and guardians especially in the features to be incorporated in the service (Ulrich Eppinger, 1999). This way, the new service is able to benefit the children in a more productive manner. In equal measure, the new product or service is expected to affect the parents in terms of pricing. The child development center therefore feels obliged to consult them so that their views and worries may be taken into account. Pricing CareMax children’s center realizes that the prices charged to its major clients, the parents, directly affect the performance and success of the institution (Entrepreneur Media, 2010). As such, the center is at the forefront in attempting to maintain a pricing policy that is fair and commensurate to the services offered while ensuring that major operations, processes, and profitability of the enterprise are not put into jeopardy. The center constantly reviews the prices offered, adjusting them appropriately t o satisfy the target market. This equilibrium in the business context is realized through the employment of the following procedures: Pricing Strategy CareMax center employs penetration pricing strategy to market its services to its customers. When new services are developed at the center, the introductory prices are always offered at a lower price than what is offered by other industry players for the same or similar service to attract more customers while allowing the existing customers to enjoy the entire promotional package (Lownes-Jackson, 2004). The prices may be adjusted later to reflect actual market trends.Advertising Looking for report on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More It is within the mandate of the management of CareMax center to determine the specific prices for each of the products and services on offer. To determine the prices, the center always employs the following principles: All prices must have the capacity to cover costs and profits The most efficient way to lower prices is to lower operational costs Prices of products and services must be reviewed regularly to ensure they offer a true reflection of the dynamics of cost, competition, target market demand and profit objectives (Entrepreneur Media, 2010). After objective considerations are made regarding the above factors, the child development center utilizes both competitive and markup pricing strategies for purposes of offering authentic pricing schedule, which is both age and needs specific. Competitive pricing is basically used to charge general accommodation charges for the children in line with the current prices at the market (Entrepreneur Media, 2010). For example, last year, t he center was charging $25 per hour for taking care of toddlers from 6 weeks old to 1 year. A market research initiated by the center for purposes of price appraisal revealed that all the other centers in Hazel Green were charging the same. As such, the center could not raise its fees. CareMax center utilizes markup pricing strategy to price some of its value-added services. The center calculates its markup price by adding a set amount of money to the cost of the service. For example, the center offers specialized meals to children depending on the ability of parents to pay for the specialized services. When charging for the special meals, the center adds a fixed amount of money to the actual cost of the meals to be charged to customers as the official price of the meals (Entrepreneur Media, 2010). In general, however, the center always reviews its prices: When a new service is introduced in the market When costs of operation changes When competitors adjust their prices When the st ate of economy experience either slump or inflation Price position At CareMax center, we greatly take cognizance of the fact that market demands and issues of supply and demand of our services institute real pressure on how we position our prices. As a small business, the center very much rely on issues of profitability, market value of services offered, and competitions to position prices according to the requirements of its target customers (Brand Positioning – price, 2006). Some of the objectives evaluated by the center while making decision on price position include: Profit maximization – Economic conditions (elasticity, competition) Market share – Government regulations and actions Leadership – Social concerns (seasonality) Service quality – Survival CareMax center is always keen to maintain a perfect equilibrium between the price ceiling and the price floor of its major services to keep its customers under lock-and-key while at the same time guaranteeing the competitive advantage of the center. The equilibrium is achieved by undertaking extensive market research to shed light on industry patterns and current prices offered by competitors for similar services. The center is vehemently aware that the demand of its services will decline if the price position stupendously moves towards the price ceiling (Diamantopoulos, 2003). At the same time, the center may fail to realize enough profits to boost its operations if the price balance plummets towards the price floor. As such, a perfect balance must be maintained to safeguard the interests of both the parents and the center. The figure below reveals a five-year average price position for toddlers under one year old. Price Sensitivity CareMax center is not often affected by issues relating to price sensitivity since its primary concern is the provision of affordable quality care to children in relatively dissimilar age categories. The prices are flexible depending on the pa rent’s ability to pay, and in line with the center’s traditional philosophy of catering for low-income bracket in the community. In this perspective, while price is viewed as an important factor by parents in making decisions on whether to use its services, the center has resoundingly responded by making the prices and modes of payment as flexible as possible. In this industry, parents have diverse reservation prices they are prepared to pay for services rendered (Diamantopoulos 2003). However, the center is purposing to standardize prices in the long-term to match particular age categories, leaving the flexibility clause to parents that are in need of services but are unable to pay using current market rates due to their social economic standing. Place/Distribution For a business offering childcare services such as CareMax, location is a major factor in any place considerations (Lownes-Jackson, 2004). CareMax center is located at the heart of Hazel Green Community, an d is easily accessible any time of the day from all directions. Parents from the surrounding suburbs can easily access the facility for convenience, while a perimeter fence has been elected to ensure the safety of children. Further, the center was purposely built in its present location, which is away from major traffic routes, to ensure the safety of children. This way, the parents, while undertaking the daily work-related activities, can be assured that their children are in one of the safest locations in Hazel Green. The playing areas are magnificently designed, and buildings uniquely decorated with pictures of animals, plants, and maps that not only serve as major attractions for children, but also assist in the general learning process. In addition, these designs leaves a permanent image on the minds of its target market – parents and guardians – that CareMax is indeed the place where their children can be assisted to gain maximum potential in this very critical p hase of development. The location and design strategies are working perfectly well, and no major changes are intended in the near future. Promotion The child development center is fully aware that to break even in this industry, it has to continue persuading the parents, its target market, about existing and new services on offer for their children. Towards the realization of this noteworthy objective, CareMax utilizes both direct and indirect methods of promotion (Lownes-Jackson, 2004). In direct promotion, the center utilizes the following: Advertising Publicity Special events sales in thank giving days and open days. The company also utilizes the following strategies in its indirect promotion programs: Public relations Customer relations Customer/client services Service packaging Advertising The center takes cognizance of the fact that advertising is particularly important if the promotional strategies are to achieve their intended objective – that of attracting new cu stomers while ensuring that existing clients are not poached by competitors (Lownes-Jackson, 2004). New and exiting customers must be made aware of new services whenever they hit the market. In this perspective, CareMax center utilizes the following advertising mediums: Local newspaper Local and regional magazines Community radio Fliers and brochures Specialty items such as calendars Market Research From time to time, CareMax center undertakes market research with a view of evaluating and identifying key areas that need adjustments, specifically in marketing of services, target markets, and competitions (Lownes-Jackson, 2004). This information is fundamentally important as it assists the managements to identify: Groups to be included in the target market Demographic characteristics of new and potential clients Customer spending habits Presently, the center is undertaking a primary market research to ascertain the reception and viability of a service package introduced last summe r. The package, known as ‘the CareMax All Rounder’ was intended to make the parents pay for all the services rendered at a premium instead of paying differently as if there are two centers offering different services under one name. The package has not been received warmly by the parents, and the telephone survey has been instituted to establish the reasons why this is so. Conclusion The future of CareMax looks bright if recent projections and market trends are anything to go by. The child development center has been able to create a brand name that is synonymous to the quality and flexibility of services offered. The heavy investments made by the institution in terms of staff members, children’s learning and playing areas, diversification of services to include transportation of the minors to and from school, and assiduous and conscientious management of the center has gone a long way in winning the hearts of many parents and guardians of children within Hazel G reen’s community, Alabama. The center has remained profitable despite huge overhead costs associated with the industry. Undeniably, catering for young children is a labor-intensive undertaking; but the center has continued raking considerable profits due to sound management principles. At CareMax center, we always shine†¦and shine above the rest. Reference List Brand positioning – price. (2006). Web. City-Data.Com. (2010). Hazel Green, Alabama. Retrieved from http://www.city-data.com/city/Hazel-Green-Alabama.html Diamantopoulos, A. (2003). Pricing. In: M.J. Baker (Eds). The marketing book. Oxford: Butterworth-Heinemann. ISBN: 0750655364 Entrepreneur Media, Inc. (2010). Pricing a product. Retrieved from https://www.entrepreneur.com/encyclopedia/pricing-a-product Lownes-Jackson, M.G. (2004). Starting a child care center. London: A business of your Own. ISBN: 094326717X Ulrich, K., Eppinger, S. (1999). Product design and development, 2nd Ed. McGraw-Hill/Irwin. ISBN: 007229647X This report on Marketing Plan for Day Care Operations: the Making of CareMax Children’s Center, Hazel Green, Alabama was written and submitted by user Esmeralda Mcgowan to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Overview of the Oligocene Epoch

Overview of the Oligocene Epoch The Oligocene epoch wasnt an especially innovative period of time with regard to its prehistoric animals, which continued along the evolutionary paths that had been pretty much locked in during the preceding Eocene (and continued on in turn during the ensuing Miocene). The Oligocene was the last major geologic subdivision of the Paleogene period (65-23 million years ago), following the Paleocene (85-56 million years ago) and Eocene (56-34 million years ago) epochs; all of these periods and epochs were themselves part of the Cenozoic Era (65 million years ago to the present). Climate and geography While the Oligocene epoch was still fairly temperate by modern standards, this 10-million-year stretch of geologic time saw a decrease in both average global temperatures and sea levels. All of the worlds continents were well on their way toward moving into their present positions; the most striking change occurred in Antarctica, which drifted slowly south, became more isolated from South America and Australia, and developed the polar ice cap that it retains today. Giant mountain ranges continued to form, most prominently in western North America and southern Europe. Terrestrial Life During the Oligocene Epoch Mammals. There were two major trends in mammalian evolution during the Oligocene epoch. First, the spread of newly evolved grasses across the plains of the northern and southern hemispheres opened a new ecological niche for grazing mammals. Early horses (such as Miohippus), distant rhinoceros ancestors (such as Hyracodon), and proto-camels (such as Poebrotherium) were all common sights on grasslands, often in locations you might not expect (camels, for instance, were especially thick on the ground in Oligocene North America, where they first evolved). The other trend was mostly confined to South America, which was isolated from North America during the Oligocene epoch (the Central American land bridge would not form for another 20 million years) and hosted a bizarre array of megafauna mammals, including the elephant-like Pyrotherium and the meat-eating marsupial Borhyaena (the marsupials of Oligocene South America were every match for the contemporary Australian variety). Asia, meanwhile, was home to the largest terrestrial mammal that ever lived, the 20-ton Indricotherium, which bore an uncanny resemblance to a sauropod dinosaur! Birds As with the preceding Eocene epoch, the most common fossil birds of the Oligocene epoch were predatory South American terror birds (such as the unusually pint-sized Psilopterus), which mimicked the behavior of their two-legged dinosaur ancestors,  and giant penguins that lived in temperate, rather than polar, climatesKairuku of New Zealand is a good example. Other types of birds also undoubtedly lived during the Oligocene epoch; we just havent identified many of their fossils yet! Reptiles To judge by the limited fossil remains, the Oligocene epoch wasnt an especially notable time for lizards, snakes, turtles or crocodiles. However, the plenitude of these reptiles both before and after the Oligocene provides at least circumstantial evidence that they must have prospered during this epoch as well; a lack of fossils doesnt always correspond to a lack of wildlife. Marine Life During the Oligocene Epoch The Oligocene epoch was a golden age for whales, rich in transitional species like Aetiocetus, Janjucetus, and Mammalodon (which possessed both teeth and plankton-filtering baleen plates). Prehistoric sharks continued to be the apex predators of the high seas; it was toward the end of the Oligocene, 25 million years ago, that the gigantic Megalodon, ten times bigger than the Great White Shark, first appeared on the scene. The latter part of the Oligocene epoch also witnessed the evolution of the first pinnipeds (the family of mammals that includes seals and walruses), the basal Puijila being a good example. Plant Life During the Oligocene Epoch As remarked above, the major innovation in plant life during the Oligocene epoch was the worldwide spread of newly evolved grasses, which carpeted the plains of North and South America, Eurasia and Africaand spurred the evolution of horses, deer, and various ruminants, as well as the meat-eating mammals that preyed on them. The process that had begun during the preceding Eocene epoch, the gradual appearance of deciduous forests in place of jungles over the earths spreading non-tropical regions, also continued unabated.

Censorship In Radio Essays - Free Essays, Term Papers

Censorship In Radio Essays - Free Essays, Term Papers HTML> HEAD> TITLE>Censorship In Radio/TITLE>/HEAD> BODY> Censorship in radio For the past several years Freedom of speech in America has had its meaning changed many times. Although the changes have gone unnoticed by most Americans, In the radio business they are felt day in and day out. radio personalities, programmers, and owners have to deal with this everyday but they too have no real idea what the Federal Communications Commissions idea of free speech is. You see the rule seems to change depending on who you are. If you are tagged by the FCC anything the broadcaster does or says is monitored and picked over and fined.( Howard stern. King Of All Media.165-166 ) The FCC has been picking on Howard Stern for years, they singled Howard for doing trash radio. But according to Stern other programs are saying or doing the same if not worse things than he is. Stern tells of when Geraldo said (Stern Miss America. 526-530.) in a show about the Mennendez brothers being molested for doing something wrong. Hell, Im not for child molestation, but if I knew anal sex . . . punishment, Id keep my room clean. Geraldo goes untouched. but Howard got fined for saying lesbians filled with lust. (Howard Stern. Miss America.519). That seems a bit more tame to me but since Stern is tagged he gets fined. The First Amendment states. congress shall make no law . . . abridging the freedom of speech. This rule, over the years has changed to congress shall make . . . as interpreted by the FCC (king of all. 165) this makes no sense the word freedom, according to Websters Dictionary means the state of being free from constraints, possession of political and civil rights, unrestricted access or use yet, the FCC is in charge of what can and cant be said over the airwaves. The FCC is the god of the broadcasting industry, they do not have to answer to anybody they have all the power to do whatever they want. The basic rule for a deejay is that he/she may not use the seven dirty words, all know them and understand they can not use them, But what nobo dy knows is, what else cant a deejay say over the air. The rules are not documented. Most stations go by their own policy, And if their policy is wrong and something goes over the air that isnt supposed to they can get pulled ( off the air) or fined. Martin Espada is a person who got pulled from the air and his poem censored. ( all things censored. 20-22 ) Espada says, he wrote a poem for the radio program All Things Considered called imagine the angels of bread about an African American wrongly accused of killing a Philadelphia police officer. And with the heat the poem would have generated the program with some forceful help from the FCC type group called National Public Radio the poem was pulled and Espada was no longer allowed to read his poetry on the air. Now Espada was never fined from the FCC because his poem never made the air waves, but the real question is, If it had, would Espada been fined? probably not, Because so many deejays that do trash radio never even get looked at by the FCC Because they are not marked yet. This shows the hypocrisy of the FCC. I myself have lived in many different cities all across the United States and Ive listened to just about every local deejay in those cities and they are all pretty much doing the same thing as Howard Stern, yet no fines hardly at all, I watch television and see the same type of show, again no fines, Joe salzman writes about the hypocrisy of free speech. ( hypocrisy rules the air waves.) He points out that shows like Seinfeld, (In prime time when most kids are watching) can talk about Sexual intercourse, Masturbation, bodily functions, male and female sex organs, Impotence, homosexuality, and birth control methods. and people and the media love him. And a show like the Howard Stern Show.( in the morning, when most kids are in school.) talks about sexual intercourse, . .

Sports and Enhancement Drugs Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2750 words

Sports and Enhancement Drugs - Essay Example The use of stimulants and performance enhancing drugs in sports gained momentum in the 1950s-60s. The full fledge use of performance-enhancing drugs was initiated by the Russian athletes who during the 1954 Olympics held in Australia gave a power packed performance outshining their competitors especially the Americans. This started a war of steroids as the Americans came up with their own steroid. Since then performance enhancing drugs especially steroids have become a regular feature in the world of sports. Stories about athletes and sportsperson using performance enhancing drugs often make headlines. For days print and TV media disclose events and incidents and finally confessions from sports person who failed the dope test. These prodigal sons and daughters of the soil are then labeled as â€Å"cheap cheats† and stripped of all the honors and medals they had earned for their country. People criticize the fallen idol for sometime and the sports world calls for stricter measu res to discourage the use of performance enhancing drugs but then everything hushes up until a new member is inducted in the Hall of Shame. Even though they bring so much disgrace, the use of performance enhancement drugs is on the rise among sports person. What are performance enhancing drugs? Do they really affect an athlete’s performance and why do athletes take the risk of using them when they bring nothing but pain in the end are some questions which will be answered in this thesis. Also should the use of performance enhancing drugs be legalized will be discussed here.The new century has given a new meaning to â€Å"sports†; earlier international sports were events where athletes from all over the world met and competed. There were humble winners and graceful losers and the ambience was friendly. The purpose of sports was to cultivate peace and understanding and acceptance of other cultures and values. An athlete was valued more for his sportsman spirit than recor ds he set. Today sports mean do or die. The advent of technology has helped the athletes improve their skills and techniques but has also killed the sportsman spirit. The attitude of the spectators has changed too; the winners are showered with praises and prizes while the losers are blamed and blasted both by the media and the public. After a defeat many heads including those of coaches roll; this extremity has made the coaches and athletes turn to desperate measures such as the use of performance enhancing drugs. Gone are the days when sports were all about sportsmanship and fair play when the team which performed well won the competition. Today every aspect of sports is measured in superlative and only the strongest, fastest and quickest players are the winners. To gain these qualities, the athletes turn to other means besides training and practice. One of the most common methods is the use of performance enhancing drugs. Generally performance enhancing drugs are defined as any s ubstance which when taken orally, injected or applied as cream boosts the endurance level, strength, power and speed in a body for the purpose of enhancing athletic performance (Hales 126). The use of these drugs is common all over the world and in the United States alone nearly one to three million people including twelve percent of young men and two percent of young women take performance enhancement drugs for various purposes

History of the Cherokee Indians Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

History of the Cherokee Indians - Essay Example Unlike other Native American tribes, Cherokees built cabins out of woods rather than living in teepees. Their language derives from the language of another Native American ethnic group, namely, the Iroquois. This language was so strikingly different from the languages of other Native American tribes that it made some linguists assume the very name of Cherokee means "people who speak another language". Cherokees have always been a highly spiritual tribe with unique traditions and values. An owl and cougar could be called a cultural archetype of the Cherokee Indians. Cherokees treat these animals with particular respect as they believe an owl and cougar were the only creatures that had been staying awake for seven days during which the world was created and, hence, saw how humans were made. Today Cherokee Indians are divided into many subtribes but under the official federal classification they fall into the following acknowledged categories: the Cherokee Nation, the Keetoowah Band (reside in Oklahoma), the Cherokee tribes and the Eastern Band of Cherokees residing in North Carolina (Hodge).Before the USA appeared on map, the Cherokee Indians used to live on the territory of the present-day Georgia, parts of Alabama, Tennessee, North Carolina and South Carolina (Stewart 9). Originally, Cherokee tribes lived in the Midwest of the lands that later formed the USA near the Great Lakes, but with the passage of time they drifted closer to the coast of the Atlantic Ocean, which, in turn, they were forced to leave either.

Abu Dhabi Police Essay Example for Free

Abu Dhabi Police Essay The focal point of this paper is to develop a plan that would be successfully implementing an organizational change management system within Abu Dhabi Police department in order to increase its efficiency, development and achieving future objectives. It should be stated that at the moment there are several problems related to the issue and it is needed to overcome those in order to gain more mileage in the long run. The main aspect of this problem lies in the traditional form of police and investigation procedures that are taken into account and executed with comparatively lesser efficiency. This could also be sated that the functionality of the Abu Dhabi police department is more ancient in approach and there is an essential need for the department to catch up with the rest of the world in terms of technology implementation and efficiency evaluation. Furthermore, it is also essential to look into the aspects of administrative reconstruction as the department is unable to work up to its true potential with the administrative structure located at a medieval scenario. (Lamb, 2004, 69) Thus it can well be stated that the problem with Abu Dhabi police is not only with it’s below the par utility and efficiency but also is related to the ill formulation of the administrative system. Quite logically, the department is in extreme necessity of finding solutions for negating these problems. It should be stated that at the moment there is a five step remedy to this malady. Firstly, it is essential to understand the present management of Abu Dhabi police department and identify the key areas of improvement. Similarly, it is important in the aspect of researching the past to get an understanding about Abu Dhabi Police department’s status and importantly eliminating the risk of following the old mistakes. Then, it should be noted that a wide study is incorporated with a variety of methods of change management practices and their applicability in Abu Dhabi Police department. Furthermore, it is important to investigate the potential of alternative methods of change management and the most advantageous will be launched. Lastly, a strategy would be created with prospective enhancement that can be introduced, understanding the structure and working culture currently present in Abu Dhabi police department. It should be mentioned that the theoretical framework will involve police and public interviews, police and public’s strategic interview, historical records, secondary research through the Internet and university database, it will also use strategic analysis tools for development of the evaluation of the best method between coercive and consensual policing. In this context it should also be mentioned that the purpose of the project is formulated in a mutually beneficial way such that from an academic perspective there would be a huge gain in the context of valuable experience, and simultaneously add value by providing insights as well as a fresh objective outlook on any matter relevant to the social context. Research design will follow the following method or schedule. Firstly the participants will be trained about data collection techniques and tools to be used to collect the relevant information. The participants will be including police officers, data collection officers, team leaders and other resourceful personnel. Secondly the areas to be interviewed will be identified and accessibility determined. These areas to be sampled for the research can range from 10-16 of these areas, say 5 will be where coercive policing will be imposed and other five consensual policing can be applied. The period of the research can take a period of minimum 3 months and a maximum of 6 months of which during this period data will be collected. Thirdly the data so collected will be prepared as a report of findings. Finally, the final reports will be analyzed and evaluation for determination of the difference between consensual and coercive forms of policy. The different is supposed to put more emphasis on the difference. In order to attain the objectives it is essential to recognize the existing practices in Abu Dhabi police department and also in the modern police departments of countries like USA, Germany, UK, Australia etc. This will be done by individual interviews of the officials in Abu Dhabi and the through questionnaires from other corners of the world. Primary research will be persistent on personal interviews with Abu Dhabi Police department officials that will give an inner view of the present positing and future goals. This will also be a key basis of understanding the indolence for change. This will help in bringing out the indication of the present managed system in Abu Dhabi police department organization. Ultimately the clients will help in providing the true print of Abu Dhabi Police department’s working and key areas of improvement. Data presented from this research will assist to evaluate the best practices model and the actual working. This will help in indicating the difference and the reason for Abu Dhabi police department organization to implement a successful change management. Abu Dhabi Police higher officials will be randomly selected with favorable time and place for the interviews to be carried out. Finally the research will be focused on the historical data by looking at the Abu Dhabi Police department’s strategy in the past. If any failure or any glitches are to be found in companies strategy they will be pointed in this research. This will help the writer to understand the Abu Dhabi Police department’s goals in the past and their implementation process. It is necessary to design a new experiment that test the statistical method. For the purpose it is necessary to collect a complete data of the site that would include different religion, ethnicity or gender. An open meeting with police as well as the general mass or public would be very relevant in this context in the initial stages. The mixed gender of male and female Police and public could well be excluded as that would complicate matters in the context of gender variable juxtaposed with other pre mentioned variables but considering other dependable factors sustaining it would yield to be fruitful in the long run. Data would be collected in relation to the gender, color, religion of the potential customers in respect to the composition of the management under the same parameters. All these variables are considered as very relevant and important features of the statistical method and it is to be seen if these aspects are fundamentally acceptable in practical world and it could well be mentioned that social service, especially security service industry, are a very relevant manifestation of the social dimensions. As a result if the test is carried out in a proper manner with proper calculations of the population involved then there is no reason that the results would be both logical and true at the end consideration. In accordance to the basic test selected it could be stated that it could be possible that the outcome would be relatively logical in the sense that it would ultimately follow the trends of social facilitation theory in marketing and thus it would be agreeable with the statistical method and thus a well formulated marketing strategy can be constructed for the benefit of the Police and public alike as a definite method can be chosen between coercive and consensual policing. However, it should be stated that there would be few independent variables in the context of the test that could not be explained by the statistical method statements. Here the ethical consideration of the potential Police and public or the ethnic background of the potential Police and public may not be a very relevant factor. Thus there could be some flaws to the collection of the population but if these aspects are kept in mind then the shortcomings would easily be negotiated during the ultimate computations. As a result the test would appear to be a full proofed measure that would be able to define and prove the fundamental aspects and statistical method applied. It should be noted that the access to the research participants is both easy and hard. In terms of the public interview it would be relatively easy to identify and access but the difficult part would be to frame the questioner in accordance to the color and creed of the participants in general. In case of the police interview there would be more homogenous pattern in terms of the questioner but the difficult part would be to gain access. For the purpose it would be arranged to acquire permission from the hope department. Data will be collected using two different methods. The first will be interviews, which involve citizens, police officers from the sampled areas. This is an advantage in that feedback can be obtained instantly. The second will be use of questionnaires, which will be administered to the sampled areas. The questionnaire to be used will be the opened type. The advantage of this method is that the information obtained can be quantified to reflect that the sampled group as part of the entire population. The advantage is that it is easier to analyze data collected through questionnaire method. It should be noted that reliability for the researcher was achieved in the assurance that only a specified group of men and women were utilized in regard to the research. That group was focused mostly on customers and retails along with administrative personnel. This gave the research a more focused view of the research goal. The validity was managed as a result of this focus and emphasized in the considerations involved in the data collection, variables, and sampling methods. Privacy and confidentiality methods included assigning numeric and alphabetic coding to each responding questionnaire. This ensured anonymity in regard to the researcher and the subjects of the research process and a thorough qualitative method would be used during data analysis. The basic advantages of qualitative measures are multifold. Firstly, it presents a completely realistic approach that the statistical analysis and numerical data used in research based on quantitative research cannot provide. Another advantage of qualitative measures is that it is more flexible in nature in terms of collected information interpretation, subsequent analysis and data collection. It also presents a holistic point of view of the investigation. Furthermore this approach of research allows the subjects to be comfortable thus be more accurate as research is carried on in accordance to the subject’s own terms. The best statistical method would be to interview long well formulated day to day working procedure at a specific and well selected location. Throughout the procedure, it should be noticed whether there are specific variables within the testable population or not. These variables would be extremely important while evaluating the basic data in the final stages where the adjustments would be made to the formulated data in accordance to the observations. As a conclusion to the outline of this paper it can always be stated that Qualitative research is a process that includes interpretative paradigm under the measures of theoretical assumptions and the entire approach is based on sustainability that is depended on people’s experience in terms of communication. It can also be mentioned that the total approach is based on the fact that reality is created on the social formulations. It can also be mentioned that the basic target of qualitative research is instrumented towards social context under normal circumstances where it would be possible to interpret, decode and describe the significances of a phenomenon. The entire process is operational under the parameter of interpretative paradigm that can minimize illusion and share subjectivity under contextualization, authenticity and complexity of the investigation. References: Lamb, Davis; (2004); Cult to Culture: The Development of Civilization on the Strategic Strata; National Book Trust; Wellington

Quit Smoking! Essay -- Argumentative Persuasive Example Essays

Quit Smoking!   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  SURGEON GENERALS WARNING: Smoking Causes Lung Cancer, Heart Disease, Emphysema, And May Complicate Pregnancy. Cigarette smoking has been proven to be hazardous to your health. It wasn’t until 1964 that the actual truth came out about cigarette use. From the years 1952-1956 Kent brand cigarettes was allowed to use a filter containing asbestos. Cigarette ads were allowed on television up until the year 1971, and it wasn’t until 1979 that it was discovered that women smokers could cause major damage to the fetus if they are pregnant. In 1964, the annual Surgeon General’s Report On Smoking And Health reported an overwhelming association between smoking and early death from lung cancer, heart disease, emphysema, and all other chronic diseases (Payne 2). Smoking has been proven to cause many life threatening problems, therefore cigarette use should not be tolerated.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  “The number one killer of smokers is heart disease'; (Bailey 135). Not only that but also, “Cigarette smoking accounts for 30% of all heart disease deaths'; (Kim and Saltzberg 1). Carbon monoxide in cigarette smoke causes the amount of cholesterol clogging the arteries to rise dramatically. Smoking also makes the walls of the arteries harden which increases the chance for the artery to rupture. Another drug in cigarettes, nicotine, causes your blood pressure to rise, your heart rate to rise, and...

Globalization and BTL Essay

The impact of globalization on BTL has been positive with increased indicators which show major progress in increasing levels and growth. The 1990s witnessed moderate economic growth for Belize which resulted in a record growth of telephone services with an average annual growth rate of ten percent. Also with the increase in teledensity, there have been improvements in network modernization (BTL, 2008). The efficiency of BTL has added to the benefits. The percentage of digital lines is reported to increase by the end of the decade. The number of lines per employee has also increased which points towards an increased growth path that tends to reach efficiency levels which are similar to developed countries. The objectives of the telecommunications reform in Belize have been mixed. The achievements in terms of penetration and access are uneven. There is an internal growth gap in urban areas with higher access as compared with lower telephone penetration levels in the rural areas. This limitation has been caused by the inequalities of the telecommunications infrastructure. Metropolitan areas tend to have most of the infrastructure concentrated while minimum services are offered in rural areas. Growth in the telecommunications sector has been slow in 2007 because of the high costs of installing the network and lack of profitability of the service in rural areas (BTL, 2008). Mobile telephone services together with changes in technology have begun to experience an accelerated process of growth in Belize. The mobile phone market in Belize enjoys less regulatory dependence and the need for survival of the dominant company. The overtaking of fixed telephone services by mobile services was driven by the introduction of pre-paid systems. The average growth in users of mobile telephony was thirty percent in Belize in 2007. BTL has entered into a consolidation process where mobile telephone services are becoming part of the picture. The level of dynamism and growth of the telecommunications sector has been spectacular especially for the mobile telephone services (BTL, 2008). This increases the access to telecommunication services. However the government continues to focus on promoting fixed line connectivity and internet access. BTL’s introduction of mobile phones has assisted in increasing the access to telecommunication services and closing the digital divide. The pre paid option has been attractive for Belizeans because of universal access and convenience for lower economic groups. Research also shows that Belizeans prefer mobile telephone services over traditional telecommunications access. One of the advantages has been that the lower activation cost for the user in the case of mobile services as compared with fixed telephone services. The pre paid option also offers attractive alternatives for people because it allows the user to control costs and avoid signing contracts. The operator also finds it cost effective because it does not have to send monthly account balances. BTL mobile telephone services have lower costs in terms of initial costs and usage costs. The cost of mobile telephone services is half that of fixed telephone services. The number of mobile phone subscribers has increased from nine percent to thirty percent in 2007 (BTL, 2008). BTL has improved its performance since the advent of globalization because of lower transaction costs and reduced uncertainty. This has increased the efficiency of markets and administrative organizations. The company has contributed in assisting agricultural companies in comparing prices in various markets. It allows them to obtain the highest prices for their produce and eliminate dependency on local middlemen. It also enables them to modify their products and respond to market demand (BTL, 2008). BTL has also helped to assist organizations in ordering spare parts and immediate contact with technicians which can reduce time lost due to broken machinery. Business organizations have also reduced their inventories because replacements can be ordered and delivered as needed. Contact between producers and shippers can be arranged on schedules for delivery of products to markets which reduces the risk of spoilage. It also has assisted in significant savings in personnel time and travel costs. BTL has also assisted in maximizing the efficiency of shipping so that trips are not wasted while consumption of fuel is minimized. Industries are also migrating to rural areas which allows for decentralization of economic activities. BTL’s mobile phone services have also increased as rural areas prefer them for their economic development. It allows rural areas to use them heavily and spend their income on mobile phone services (BTL, 2008). The demand for mobile phones is heavy in rural and remote areas because of the perceived contribution towards the rural economy. BTL has become highly popular because of its cheap services. The telecommunications sector in Belize is dominated by BTL which has a monopoly on telecommunication services in the country. The 1990s witnessed an annual growth of lines which averaged fifteen percent (BTL, 2008). Line installation has been focused in urban areas which account for sixty five percent of total lines (BTL, 2008). Despite the expansion in the number of fixed lines, the investment has not been sufficient to cover demand for the service. The cellular market has been one of the fastest growing in 2006 and 2007. Still BTL faces the challenge of meeting the growing demand of basic services and data communications. A fast growing internet market has also not satisfied the expectations of consumers. The liberalization of the market has brought benefits as the country uses resources to meet new demands. The mobile sector has the longest growth rate because of the rise in standards of living. The mobile sector is also attractive because of its reliability, efficiency, and low cost as compared with the fixed telephone services. Globalization has also helped BTL in digitizing the telecommunications system as the proportion has grown from thirty percent in 1998 to fifty percent in 2007 (BTL, 2008). BTL’s fiber optic network links several neighboring countries. The network allows connections to submarine cables and networks operated by other countries. BTL provides cellular services to a large number of subscribers. The cellular service has increased its coverage in the past years with services being moderately good for consumers. Liberalization has enhanced the ability of BTL to purchase and acquire cellular phone technology for consumers. Telecommunications reform has assisted BTL in improving its efficiency and meeting the demands of the changing environment. The government wants to give BTL complete administrative, technical, and financial independence with some functions controlled by the government. It also aims to allow for joint ventures and strategic alliances with other companies. Restrictions on foreign participation are also reputed to be removed by the government. It aims to state the public interest of modernizing and developing telecommunications through the process of liberalization of the market in order to allow market participation. A capital investment program to upgrade the country’s GSM cellular service and deploying wireless technologies in the rural areas was announced in 2007 (BTL, 2008). The company also increased funding for network development by investing an estimated forty three million dollars. It also installed eight hundred and fifty MHz frequency equipment to increase the coverage of cellular phone consumers. An updated prepaid intelligent billing system was launched in 2006 which would facilitate and provide user friendly services (BTL, 2008). This program was also reputed to stimulate demand for mobile phone services of the company. A new wireless network with a frequency of four hundred and fifty MHz has also been proposed which will provide telecommunications services for businessmen, professionals, government officials, security forces, fishermen, and other residents with mobile phone services (BTL, 2008). The company’s fixed line services have not been successful because of globalization. This is because of the unstable economy and low population in large parts of the country. Fixed lines are concentrated in the urban areas where they provide services for certain customer groups. BTL has reported losses in fixed line domestic services which include line access charges and per minute call traffic. BTL has also not increased customer rates from 2001 till 2007. It also implemented several reductions in price for various data communication and satellite services. Internet capacity tariff was reduced by a percentage of ninety percent. Tariff reductions have assisted in increasing the number of consumers. DigiCell prepaid customers were offered discounts of twenty five cents for calls. Other features were also introduced which included further discounts for consumers who call for more than five minutes. SMS to email was a service offered for prepaid customers which allowed them to send messages throughout the world. The number of DigiCell consumers rose from ninety three thousand to one hundred thousand in 2007 (BTL, 2008). The total number of cellular consumers has risen to one hundred and eighteen thousand in 2007 (BTL, 2008). Siemens has been providing technical assistance to BTL for the maintenance of the cellular network. The company has also aimed to create modern cellular equipment along with high speed internet services to consumers. Globalization has assisted the company in increasing its cellular business which now comprises a major portion of its net income. The rapid growth of BTL has allowed it to implement customer friendly billing and care systems. Outdated systems have been gradually phased out. Post paid customer and billing system will be implemented in various stages of 2008 (BTL, 2008). BTL will be able to access information of consumers which will help it to increase its reliability and effectiveness. Other major developments have been the use of information technology systems to enhance the administrative, technical, and financial functions of the organization.

Gender Analysis of Chronicle of a Death Foretold Essay

Write an essay that explores Garcia Marquez’s implicit themes about relationships between men and women in Chronicle of a Death Foretold In Gabriel Garcia Marquez’s Chronicle of a Death Foretold there are several types of relationships between men and women that, although opposites on the moral compass, coincide well. These relationships include prostitution and honor, utilitarian marriage and desire, as well as sexual expectations of men and women. These uniquely corresponding relationships present a number of themes regarding gender throughout the selection, and are able to grant us a greater understanding of the circumstances surrounding the small town in the story. Prostitution and honor are almost opposites by definition, so why is it that they exist in harmony throughout the selection? The reason that these two different things are able to coincide is the distinctive values present in this story. The brothel is a â€Å"house of mercies†(45) that is well attended; as to prove a point at how widely accepted this place is. The sexual expectations of men have a lot to do with these values as men are expected to be experienced come marriage, bringing great honor if the wife is pure. The relationship between prostitution and honor reveals the theme of use of women as property whose value is determined by appearance and purity. The theme of the use of women as property is further elaborated in the relationship between sexual expectations of men and women. The sexual expectations of men and the sexual expectations of women are very different. Men are to be experienced and should have visited the brothel and gotten past the initial hesitation and fear of sex by the time that they are married, making the theme of a patriarchal society very clear. On the other hand, women are supposed to be pure until the time of marriage comes, so that they may bring honor and prestige to themselves, their family and their husbands. If they don’t they may end up being punished by their punished by being beat with †such rage that it might seem as they aim to kill†(46) by their mothers. The brothel is one of the only alternatives for women who have not respected this social rule, and serves as a punishment for refusing social norms and keeping their family from advancement. The ever-present struggle between desire and utilitarian marriage serves as the missing factor in the equation of life in this society. A violation of the sexual expectations of women through desire can end in prostitution, reflectively the compliancy of expectations can bring honor resulting in marriage. In conclusion, this patriarchal society has a unique set of rules with predetermined destinations that give a better understanding to the motives of characters such as the Vicario brothers and their sister.

Protein and Skill Essay Example

Protein and Skill Essay Example Protein and Skill Paper Protein and Skill Paper The Structure and Function of Large Biological Molecules In Chapter 5, the principles of chemistry covered in earlier chapters are applied to the understanding of biological polymers and lipid membranes. The emphasis is on properly linking monomers and their polymers, and on the structural and functional diversity of the different polymer types. Particular attention is given to protein structure, because this is central to understanding subsequent chapters on metabolism, molecular biology, and molecular medicine. Multiple-Choice Questions 1) Humans and mice differ because A) their cells have different small organic molecules. B) their cells make different types of large biological molecules. C) their cells make different types of lipids. D) their cells have some differences in the sequence of nucleotides in their nucleic acids. E) their cells make different types of proteins. Answer: D Topic: Concept 5. 1 Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension 2) Molecules with which functional groups may form polymers via dehydration reactions? A) hydroxyl groups B) carbonyl groups C) carboxyl groups D) either carbonyl or carboxyl groups E) either hydroxyl or carboxyl groups Answer: E Topic: Concepts 5. 1, 4. 3 Skill: Application/Analysis 3) Which of these molecules is not formed by dehydration reactions? A) fatty acids B) disaccharides C) DNA D) protein E) amylose Answer: A Topic: Concept 5. 1 Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension 4) In animal metabolism, most of the monomers released by digestion of food macromolecules are metabolized to provide energy. Only a small portion of these monomers are used for synthesis of new macromolecules. The net result is that A) water is generated by animal metabolism. B) water is consumed by animal metabolism. C) the water consumed is exactly balanced by the water generated, to maintain homeostasis. D) water is consumed during homeostasis, but water is generated during periods of growth. E) water is generated during homeostasis, but water is consumed during periods of growth. Answer: B Topic: Concept 5. 1 Skill: Application/Analysis 5) Which of these classes of biological molecules consist of both small molecules and macromolecular polymers? A) lipids B) carbohydrates C) proteins D) nucleic acids E) lipids, carbohydrates, proteins, and nucleic acids all consist of only macromolecular polymers Answer: B Topic: Concept 5. 1 Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension 6) Which of the following is not a polymer? A) glucose B) starch C) cellulose D) chitin E) DNA Answer: A Topic: Concept 5. 1 Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension 7) What is the chemical reaction mechanism by which cells make polymers from monomers? A) phosphodiester linkages B) hydrolysis C) dehydration reactions D) ionic bonding of monomers E) the formation of disulfide bridges between monomers Answer: C Topic: Concept 5. 1 Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension 8) How many molecules of water are needed to completely hydrolyze a polymer that is 11 monomers long? A) 12 B) 11 C) 10 D) 9 E) 8 Answer: C Topic: Concept 5. 1 Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension ) Which of the following best summarizes the relationship between dehydration reactions and hydrolysis? A) Dehydration reactions assemble polymers, and hydrolysis reactions break down polymers. B) Dehydration reactions eliminate water from lipid membranes, and hydrolysis makes lipid membranes water permeable. C) Dehydration reactions can occur only after hydrolysis. D) Hydrolysis creates monome rs, and dehydration reactions break down polymers. E) Dehydration reactions ionize water molecules and add hydroxyl groups to polymers; hydrolysis reactions release hydroxyl groups from polymers. Answer: A Topic: Concept 5. Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension 10) Which of the following polymers contain nitrogen? A) starch B) glycogen C) cellulose D) chitin E) amylopectin Answer: D Topic: Concept 5. 2 Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension 11) The molecular formula for glucose is C6H12O6. What would be the molecular formula for a molecule made by linking three glucose molecules together by dehydration reactions? A) C18H36O18 B) C18H32O16 C) C6H10O5 D) C18H10O15 E) C3H6O3 Answer: B Topic: Concept 5. 2 Skill: Application/Analysis 12) The enzyme amylase can break glycosidic linkages between glucose monomers only if the monomers are the ? orm. Which of the following could amylase break down? A) glycogen B) cellulose C) chitin D) glycogen and chitin only E) glycogen, cellulose, and chitin Answer: A To pic: Concept 5. 2 Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension 13) On food packages, to what does the term insoluble fiber refer? A) cellulose B) polypeptides C) starch D) amylopectin E) chitin Answer: A Topic: Concept 5. 2 Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension 14) A molecule with the chemical formula C6H12O6 is probably a A) carbohydrate. B) lipid. C) monosaccharide D) carbohydrate and lipid only. E) carbohydrate and monosaccharide only. Answer: E Topic: Concept 5. 2 Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension 15) Lactose, a sugar in milk, is composed of one glucose molecule joined by a glycosidic linkage to one galactose molecule. How is lactose classified? A) as a pentose B) as a hexose C) as a monosaccharide D) as a disaccharide E) as a polysaccharide Answer: D Topic: Concept 5. 2 Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension 16) All of the following are polysaccharides except A) lactose. B) glycogen. C) chitin. D) cellulose. E) amylopectin. Answer: A Topic: Concept 5. 2 Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension 17) Which of the following is true of both starch and cellulose? A) They are both polymers of glucose. B) They are cis-trans isomers of each other. C) They can both be digested by humans. D) They are both used for energy storage in plants. E) They are both structural components of the plant cell wall. Answer: A Topic: Concept 5. 2 Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension 18) Which of the following is true of cellulose? A) It is a polymer composed of enantiomers of glucose. B) It is a storage polysaccharide for energy in plant cells. C) It is digestible by bacteria in the human gut. D) It is a major structural component of plant cell walls. E) It is a polymer composed of enantiomers of glucose, it is a storage polysaccharide for energy in plant cells, it is digestible by bacteria in the human gut, and it is a major structural component of plant cell walls. Answer: D Topic: Concept 5. 2 Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension 19) Humans can digest starch but not cellulose because A) the monomer of starch is glucose, while the monomer of cellulose is galactose. B) humans have enzymes that can hydrolyze the ? glycosidic linkages of starch but not the ? glycosidic linkages of cellulose. C) humans have enzymes that can hydrolyze the ? glycosidic linkages of starch but not the ? lycosidic linkages of cellulose. D) humans harbor starch-digesting bacteria in the digestive tract. E) the monomer of starch is glucose, while the monomer of cellulose is glucose with a nitrogen-containing group. Answer: C Topic: Concept 5. 2 Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension 20) Which of the following statements concerning saturated fats is not true? A) They are more common in animals than in plants. B) They have multiple double bonds in the carbon chains of their fatty acids. C) They generally solidify at room temperature. D) They contain more hydrogen than unsaturated fats having the same number of carbon atoms. E) They are one of several factors that contribute to atherosclerosis. Answer: B Topic: Concept 5. 3 Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension 21) A molecule with the formula C18H36O2 is probably a A) carbohydrate. B) fatty acid. C) protein. D) nucleic acid. E) hydrocarbon. Answer: B Topic: Concept 5. 3 Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension 22) Which of the following statements is true for the class of biological molecules known as lipids? A) They are insoluble in water. B) They are made from glycerol, fatty acids, and phosphate. C) They contain less energy than proteins and carbohydrates. D) They are made by dehydration reactions. E) They contain nitrogen. Answer: A Topic: Concept 5. 3 Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension 23) The label on a container of margarine lists hydrogenated vegetable oil as the major ingredient. What is the result of adding hydrogens to vegetable oil? A) The hydrogenated vegetable oil has a lower melting point. B) The hydrogenated vegetable oil stays solid at room temperature. C) The hydrogenated vegetable oil has more kinks in the fatty acid chains. D) The hydrogenated vegetable oil has fewer trans fatty acids. E) The hydrogenated vegetable oil is less likely to clog arteries. Answer: B Topic: Concept 5. 3 Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension 4) Which of the following is true regarding saturated fatty acids? A) They are the predominant fatty acid in corn oil. B) They have double bonds between carbon atoms of the fatty acids. C) They are the principal molecules in lard and butter. D) They are usually liquid at room temperature. E) They are usually produced by plants. Answer: C Topic: Concept 5. 3 Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension 25) Large organic molecules are usually assembled by polymerization of a few kinds of simple subunits. Which of the following is an exception to this statement? A) a steroid B) cellulose C) DNA D) an enzyme E) a contractile protein Answer: A Topic: Concepts 5. 1-5. 3 Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension 26) Which modifications of fatty acids will best keep triglycerides solid at warmer temperatures? A) creating cis double bonds to the fatty acids B) adding hydrogens to the fatty acids C) creating trans double bonds to the fatty acids D) adding hydrogens and trans double bonds to the fatty acids E) adding cis double bonds and trans double bonds to the fatty acids Answer: D Topic: Concept 5. 3 Skill: Application/Analysis 27) Why are human sex hormones considered to be lipids? A) They are essential components of cell membranes. B) They are not soluble in water. C) They are made of fatty acids. D) They are hydrophilic compounds. E) They contribute to atherosclerosis. Answer: B Topic: Concept 5. 3 Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension 28) All of the following contain amino acids except A) hemoglobin. B) cholesterol. C) antibodies. D) enzymes. E) insulin. Answer: B Topic: Concepts 5. 3, 5. 4 Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension 29) The bonding of two amino acid molecules to form a larger molecule requires A) the release of a water molecule. B) the release of a carbon dioxide molecule. C) the addition of a nitrogen atom. D) the addition of a water molecule. E) the release of a nitrous oxide molecule. Answer: A Topic: Concept 5. 4 Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension 30) There are 20 different amino acids. What makes one amino acid different from another? A) different side chains (R groups) attached to a carboxyl carbon B) different side chains (R groups) attached to the amino groups C) different side chains (R groups) attached to an ? carbon D) different structural and optical isomers E) different asymmetric carbons Answer: C Topic: Concept 5. 4 Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension 31) The bonding of two amino acid molecules to form a larger molecule requires which of the following? A) removal of a water molecule B) addition of a water molecule C) formation of a glycosidic bond D) formation of a hydrogen bond E) both removal of a water molecule and formation of a hydrogen bond Answer: A Topic: Concept 5. 4 Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension 32) Polysaccharides, triacylglycerides, and proteins are similar in that they A) are synthesized from monomers by the process of hydrolysis. B) are synthesized from subunits by dehydration reactions. C) are synthesized as a result of peptide bond formation between monomers. D) are decomposed into their subunits by dehydration reactions. E) all contain nitrogen in their monomer building blocks. Answer: B Topic: Concepts 5. 1-5. 4 Skill: Application/Analysis 33) Dehydration reactions are used in forming which of the following compounds? A) triacylglycerides B) polysaccharides C) proteins D) triacylglycerides and proteins only E) triacylglycerides, polysaccharides, and proteins Answer: E Topic: Concepts 5. 1-5. 4 Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension 34) Upon chemical analysis, a particular polypeptide was found to contain 100 amino acids. How many peptide bonds are present in this protein? A) 101 B) 100 C) 99 D) 98 E) 97 Answer: C Topic: Concept 5. 4 Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension 5) What aspects of protein structure are stabilized or assisted by hydrogen bonds? A) primary structure B) secondary structure C) tertiary structure D) quaternary structure E) secondary, tertiary, and quaternary structures, but not primary structure Answer: E Topic: Concept 5. 4 Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension 36) How many different kinds of polypeptides, each composed of 12 amino acids, could be synthesiz ed using the 20 common amino acids? A) 412 B) 1220 C) 240 D) 20 E) 2012 Answer: E Topic: Concept 5. 4 Skill: Application/Analysis 37) Which bonds are created during the formation of the primary structure of a protein? A) peptide bonds B) hydrogen bonds C) disulfide bonds D) phosphodiester bonds E) peptide bonds, hydrogen bonds, and disulfide bonds Answer: A Topic: Concept 5. 4 Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension 38) What maintains the secondary structure of a protein? A) peptide bonds B) hydrogen bonds between the amino group of one peptide bond and the carboxyl group of another peptide bond C) disulfide bonds D) hydrophobic interactions E) hydrogen bonds between the R groups Answer: B Topic: Concept 5. 4 Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension 39) Which type of interaction stabilizes the ? helix and the ? leated sheet structures of proteins? A) hydrophobic interactions B) disulfide bonds C) ionic bonds D) hydrogen bonds E) peptide bonds Answer: D Topic: Concept 5. 4 Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension 40) Which level of protein structure do the ? helix and the ? pleated sheet represent? A) primary B) secondary C) tertiary D) quaternary E) primary, secondary, tertiary, and quaternary Answer: B Topic: Concept 5. 4 Sk ill: Knowledge/Comprehension 41) The amino acids of the protein keratin are arranged predominantly in an ? helix. This secondary structure is stabilized by A) covalent bonds. B) peptide bonds. C) ionic bonds. D) polar bonds. E) hydrogen bonds. Answer: E Topic: Concept 5. 4 Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension 42) The tertiary structure of a protein is the A) bonding together of several polypeptide chains by weak bonds. B) order in which amino acids are joined in a polypeptide chain. C) unique three-dimensional shape of the fully folded polypeptide. D) organization of a polypeptide chain into an ? helix or ? pleated sheet. E) overall protein structure resulting from the aggregation of two or more polypeptide subunits. Answer: C Topic: Concept 5. 4 Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension 3) What type of covalent bond between amino acid side chains (R groups) functions in maintaining a polypeptides specific three-dimensional shape? A) ionic bond B) hydrophobic interaction C) van der Waals interaction D) disulfide bond E) hydrogen bond Answer: D Topic: Concept 5. 4 Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension 44) At which level of protein structure are interactions between the side chains (R groups) most important? A) primary B) secondary C) tertiary D) quaternary E) all of the above Answer: C Topic: Concept 5. 4 Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension 45) The R group or side chain of the amino acid serine is –CH2–OH. The R group or side chain of the amino acid leucine is –CH2–CH–(CH3)2. Where would you expect to find these amino acids in a globular protein in aqueous solution? A) Serine would be in the interior, and leucine would be on the exterior of the globular protein. B) Leucine would be in the interior, and serine would be on the exterior of the globular protein. C) Both serine and leucine would be in the interior of the globular protein. D) Both serine and leucine would be on the exterior of the globular protein. E) Both serine and leucine would be in the interior and on the exterior of the globular protein. Answer: B Topic: Concept 5. Skill: Application/Analysis 46) Misfolding of polypeptides is a serious problem in cells. Which of the following diseases are associated with an accumulation of misfolded polypeptides? A) Alzheimers only B) Parkinsons only C) diabetes mellitus only D) Alzheimers and Parkinsons only E) Alzheimers, Parkinsons, and diabetes mellitus Answer: D Topic: Concept 5. 4 Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension 47) Changing a single amino acid in a protein consisting of 325 amino acids would A) alter the primary structure of the protein, but not its tertiary structure or function. B) cause the tertiary structure of the protein to unfold. C) always alter the biological activity or function of the protein. D) always alter the primary structure of the protein and disrupt its biological activity. E) always alter the primary structure of the protein, sometimes alter the tertiary structure of the protein, and affect its biological activity. Answer: E Topic: Concept 5. 4 Skill: Application/Analysis 48) Normal hemoglobin is a tetramer, consisting of two molecules of ? hemoglobin and two molecules of ? hemoglobin. In sickle-cell disease, as a result of a single amino acid change, the mutant hemoglobin tetramers associate with each other and assemble into large fibers. Based on this information alone, we can conclude that sickle-cell hemoglobin exhibits A) altered primary structure. B) altered secondary structure. C) altered tertiary structure. D) altered quaternary structure. E) altered primary structure and altered quaternary structure; the secondary and tertiary structures may or may not be altered. Answer: E Topic: Concept 5. 4 Skill: Application/Analysis 49) What methods may be used to elucidate the structures of purified proteins? A) X-ray crystallography B) bioinformatics C) analysis of amino acid sequence of small fragments D) NMR spectroscopy E) both X-ray crystallography and NMR spectroscopy Answer: E Topic: Concept 5. 4 Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension 50) In a normal cellular protein, where would you expect to find a hydrophobic amino acid like valine? A) in the interior of the folded protein, away from water B) on the exterior surface of the protein, interacting with water C) in the transmembrane portion interacting with lipid fatty acid chains D) in the interior of the folded protein, away from water, or in a transmembrane portion interacting with lipid fatty acid chains E) anywhere in the protein, with equal probability Answer: D Topic: Concept 5. 4 Skill: Application/Analysis 51) Which of the following techniques uses the amino acid sequences of polypeptides to predict a proteins three-dimensional structure? A) X-ray crystallography B) bioinformatics C) analysis of amino acid sequence of small fragments D) NMR spectroscopy E) high-speed centrifugation Answer: B Topic: Concept 5. 4 Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension 52) If cells are grown in a medium containing radioactive 35S, which of these molecules will be labeled? A) phospholipids B) nucleic acids C) proteins D) amylose E) both proteins and nucleic acids Answer: C Topic: Concept 5. 4 Skill: Application/Analysis 3) What is the term used for a protein molecule that assists in the proper folding of other proteins? A) tertiary protein B) chaperonin C) enzyme protein D) renaturing protein E) denaturing protein Answer: B Topic: Concept 5. 4 Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension 54) DNAase is an enzyme that catalyzes the hydrolysis of the covalent bonds that join nucleotides together. What w ould first happen to DNA molecules treated with DNAase? A) The two strands of the double helix would separate. B) The phosphodiester bonds between deoxyribose sugars would be broken. C) The purines would be separated from the deoxyribose sugars. D) The pyrimidines would be separated from the deoxyribose sugars. E) All bases would be separated from the deoxyribose sugars. Answer: B Topic: Concepts 5. 1, 5. 5 Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension 55) Which of the following statements about the 5 end of a polynucleotide strand of DNA is correct? A) The 5 end has a hydroxyl group attached to the number 5 carbon of ribose. B) The 5 end has a phosphate group attached to the number 5 carbon of ribose. C) The 5 end has phosphate attached to the number 5 carbon of the nitrogenous base. D) The 5 end has a carboxyl group attached to the number 5 carbon of ribose. E) The 5 end is the fifth position on one of the nitrogenous bases. Answer: B Topic: Concept 5. 5 Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension 56) One of the primary functions of RNA molecules is to A) transmit genetic information to offspring. B) function in the synthesis of proteins. C) make a copy of itself, thus ensuring genetic continuity. D) act as a pattern or blueprint to form DNA. E) form the genes of higher organisms. Answer: B Topic: Concept 5. 5 Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension 57) If 14C-labeled uridine triphosphate is added to the growth medium of cells, what macromolecules will be labeled? A) phospholipids B) DNA C) RNA D) both DNA and RNA E) proteins Answer: C Topic: Concept 5. 5 Skill: Application/Analysis 58) Which of the following descriptions best fits the class of molecules known as nucleotides? A) a nitrogenous base and a phosphate group B) a nitrogenous base and a pentose sugar C) a nitrogenous base, a phosphate group, and a pentose sugar D) a phosphate group and an adenine or uracil E) a pentose sugar and a purine or pyrimidine Answer: C Topic: Concept 5. 5 Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension 59) Which of the following are nitrogenous bases of the pyrimidine type? A) guanine and adenine B) cytosine and uracil C) thymine and guanine D) ribose and deoxyribose E) adenine and thymine Answer: B Topic: Concept 5. 5 Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension 60) Which of the following are nitrogenous bases of the purine type? A) cytosine and guanine B) guanine and adenine C) adenine and thymine D) thymine and uracil E) uracil and cytosine Answer: B Topic: Concept 5. 5 Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension 61) If a DNA sample were composed of 10% thymine, what would be the percentage of guanine? A) 10 B) 20 C) 40 D) 80 E) impossible to tell from the information given Answer: C Topic: Concept 5. 5 Skill: Application/Analysis 2) A double-stranded DNA molecule contains a total of 120 purines and 120 pyrimidines. This DNA molecule could be composed of A) 120 adenine and 120 uracil molecules. B) 120 thymine and 120 adenine molecules. C) 120 cytosine and 120 thymine molecules. D) 120 adenine and 120 cytosine molecules. E) 120 guanine and 120 thymine molecules. Answer: B Topic: Concept 5. 5 Skill: Application/Analysis 63) The difference between the sugar in DNA and the sugar in RNA is that the sugar in DNA A) is a six-carbon sugar and the sugar in RNA is a five-carbon sugar. B) can form a double-stranded molecule. C) is an aldehyde sugar and the sugar in RNA is a keto sugar. D) is in the ? configuration and the sugar in RNA is in the ? configuration. E) contains one less oxygen atom. Answer: E Topic: Concepts 5. 2, 5. 5 Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension 64) Which of the following statements best summarizes the differences between DNA and RNA? A) DNA encodes hereditary information, whereas RNA does not. B) The bases in DNA form base-paired duplexes, whereas the bases in RNA do not. C) DNA nucleotides contain a different sugar than RNA nucleotides. D) DNA contains the base uracil, whereas RNA contains the base thymine. E) DNA encodes hereditary information, whereas RNA does not; the bases in DNA form base-paired duplexes, whereas the bases in RNA do not; and DNA nucleotides contain a different sugar than RNA nucleotides. Answer: C Topic: Concept 5. 5 Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension 65) If one strand of a DNA molecule has the sequence of bases 5ATTGCA3, the other complementary strand would have the sequence A) 5TAACGT3. B) 5TGCAAT3. C) 5UAACGU3. D) 3UAACGU5. E) 5UGCAAU3. Answer: B Topic: Concept 5. 5 Skill: Application/Analysis 66) What is the structural feature that allows DNA to replicate? A) sugar-phosphate backbone B) complementary pairing of the nitrogenous bases C) disulfide bonding (bridging) of the two helixes D) twisting of the molecule to form an ? helix E) three-component structure of the nucleotides Answer: B Topic: Concept 5. 5 Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension 67) A new organism is discovered in the forests of Costa Rica. Scientists there determine that the polypeptide sequence of hemoglobin from the new organism has 72 amino acid differences from humans, 65 differences from a gibbon, 49 differences from a rat, and 5 differences from a frog. These data suggest that the new organism A) is more closely related to humans than to frogs. B) is more closely related to frogs than to humans. C) evolved at about the same time as frogs, which is much earlier than primates and mammals. D) is more closely related to humans than to rats. E) is more closely related to frogs than to humans and also evolved at about the same time as frogs, which is much earlier than primates and mammals. Answer: B Topic: Concept 5. 5 Skill: Application/Analysis 68) Which of the following is an example of hydrolysis? A) the reaction of two monosaccharides, forming a disaccharide with the release of water B) the synthesis of two amino acids, forming a peptide with the release of water C) the reaction of a fat, forming glycerol and fatty acids with the release of water D) the reaction of a fat, forming glycerol and fatty acids with the consumption of water E) the synthesis of a nucleotide from a phosphate, a pentose sugar, and a nitrogenous base with the production of a molecule of water Answer: D Topic: Concepts 5. 1-5. 4 Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension 9) If cells are grown in a medium containing radioactive 32P-labeled phosphate, which of these molecules will be labeled? A) phospholipids B) nucleic acids C) proteins D) amylose E) both phospholipids and nucleic acids Answer: E Topic: Concepts 5. 2-5. 5 Skill: Application/Analysis 70) If cells are grown in a medium containing radioactive 15N, which of these molecules will be labeled? A) fatty acids only B) nucleic acids only C) proteins only D) amy lase only E) both proteins and nucleic acids Answer: E Topic: Concepts 5. 2-5. 5 Skill: Application/Analysis 1) How will brief heating (to 95 °C) affect macromolecular structures in aqueous solution? A) DNA duplexes will unwind and separate. B) Proteins will unfold (denature). C) Starch will hydrolyze into monomeric sugars. D) Proteins will hydrolyze into amino acids. E) DNA duplexes will unwind and separate, and proteins will unfold (denature). Answer: E Topic: Concepts 5. 2, 5. 4, 5. 5 Skill: Application/Analysis 72) Which of the following is not a monomer/polymer pairing? A) monosaccharide/polysaccharide B) amino acid/protein C) triglyceride/phospholipid bilayer D) deoxyribonucleotide/DNA E) ribonucleotide/RNA Answer: C Topic: Concepts 5. 2-5. 5 Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension Art Questions [pic] Figure 5. 1 73) If two molecules of the general type shown in Figure 5. 1 were linked together, carbon-1 of one molecule to carbon-4 of the other, the single molecule that would result would be A) maltose. B) fructose. C) glucose. D) galactose. E) sucrose. Answer: A Topic: Concept 5. 2 Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension 74) Which of the following descriptors is true of the molecule shown in Figure 5. 1? A) hexose B) fructose C) glucose D) hexose and fructose only E) hexose and glucose only Answer: E Topic: Concept 5. Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension [pic] Figure 5. 2 75) Which of the following statements is true regarding the molecule illustrated in Figure 5. 2? A) It is a saturated fatty acid. B) A diet rich in this molecule may contribute to atherosclerosis. C) Molecules of this type are usually liquid at room temperature. D) It is a saturated fatty acid and a diet rich in this molecule may contribute to atherosclerosis. E) It is a saturated fatty acid, a diet rich in this molecule may contribute to atherosclerosis, and molecules of this type are usually liquid at room temperature. Answer: D Topic: Concept 5. 3 Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension [pic] Figure 5. 3 76) Which of the following statements is true regarding the molecule illustrated in Figure 5. 3? A) It is a saturated fatty acid. B) A diet rich in this molecule may contribute to atherosclerosis. C) Molecules of this type are usually liquid at room temperature. D) It is a saturated fatty acid and a diet rich in this molecule may contribute to atherosclerosis. E) It is a saturated fatty acid, a diet rich in this molecule may contribute to atherosclerosis, and molecules of this type are usually liquid at room temperature. Answer: C Topic: Concept 5. 3 Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension 77) The molecule shown in Figure 5. 3 is a A) polysaccharide. B) polypeptide. C) saturated fatty acid. D) triacylglycerol. E) unsaturated fatty acid. Answer: E Topic: Concept 5. 3 Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension [pic] Figure 5. 4 78) What is the structure shown in Figure 5. 4? A) pentose molecule B) fatty acid molecule C) steroid molecule D) oligosaccharide molecule E) phospholipid molecule Answer: C Topic: Concept 5. 3 Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension [pic] Figure 5. 5 79) Which of the following statements is/are true regarding the chemical reaction illustrated in Figure 5. ? A) It is a hydrolysis reaction. B) It results in a peptide bond. C) It joins two fatty acids together. D) It is a hydrolysis reaction and it results in a peptide bond. E) It is a hydrolysis reaction, it results in a peptide bond, and it joins two fatty acids together. Answer: B Topic: Concept 5. 4 Skill: Application/Analysis Refer to Figure 5. 6 to answer the following questions. [pi c] Figure 5. 6 80) At which bond would water need to be added to achieve hydrolysis of the peptide, back to its component amino acid? A) A B) B C) C D) D E) E Answer: C Topic: Concept 5. 4 Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension 1) Which bond is a peptide bond? A) A B) B C) C D) D E) E Answer: C Topic: Concept 5. 4 Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension 82) Which bond is closest to the amino terminus of the molecule? A) A B) B C) C D) D E) E Answer: A Topic: Concept 5. 4 Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension [pic] Figure 5. 7 83) The structure depicted in Figure 5. 7 shows the A) 1-4 linkage of the ? glucose monomers of starch. B) 1-4 linkage of the ? glucose monomers of cellulose. C) double-helical structure of a DNA molecule. D) ? helix secondary structure of a polypeptide. E) ? pleated sheet secondary structure of a polypeptide. Answer: D Topic: Concept 5. 4 Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension The following questions are based on the 15 molecules illustrated in Figure 5. 8. Each molecule may be used once, more than once, or not at all. [pic] Figure 5. 8 84) Which molecule has both hydrophilic and hydrophobic properties and would be found in plasma membranes? A) 1 B) 5 C) 6 D) 12 E) 14 Answer: B Topic: Concept 5. 2 Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension 85) Which of the following combinations could be linked together to form a nucleotide? A) 1, 2, and 11 B) 3, 7, and 8 C) 5, 9, and 10 D) 11, 12, and 13 E) 12, 14, and 15 Answer: D Topic: Concept 5. 5 Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension 86) Which of the following molecules contain(s) an aldehyde type of carbonyl functional group? A) 1 B) 4 C) 8 D) 10 E) 1 and 4 Answer: E Topic: Concept 5. 2 Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension 87) Which molecule is glycerol? A) 1 B) 6 C) 10 D) 14 E) 15 Answer: C Topic: Concept 5. 2 Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension 88) Which molecule is a saturated fatty acid? A) 1 B) 5 C) 6 D) 8 E) 9 Answer: E Topic: Concept 5. 3 Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension 89) Which of the following molecules is a purine type of nitrogenous base? A) 2 B) 3 C) 5 D) 12 E) 13 Answer: E Topic: Concept 5. 5 Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension 90) Which of the following molecules act as building blocks (monomers) of polypeptides? A) 1, 4, and 6 B) 2, 7, and 8 C) 7, 8, and 13 D) 11, 12, and 13 E) 12, 13, and 15 Answer: B Topic: Concept 5. 4 Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension 91) Which of the following molecules is an amino acid with a hydrophobic R group or side chain? A) 3 B) 7 C) 8 D) 12 E) 13 Answer: B Topic: Concept 5. 4 Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension 92) Which of the following molecules could be joined together by a peptide bond as a result of a dehydration reaction? A) 2 and 3 B) 3 and 7 C) 7 and 8 D) 8 and 9 E) 12 and 13 Answer: C Topic: Concept 5. 4 Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension 93) A fat (or triacylglycerol) would be formed as a result of a dehydration reaction between A) one molecule of 9 and three molecules of 10. B) three molecules of 9 and one molecule of 10. C) one molecule of 5 and three molecules of 9. D) three molecules of 5 and one molecule of 9. E) one molecule of 5 and three molecules of 10. Answer: B Topic: Concept 5. 3 Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension 94) Which of the following molecules could be joined together by a phosphodiester type of covalent bond? A) 3 and 4 B) 3 and 8 C) 6 and 15 D) 11 and 12 E) 11 and 13 Answer: D Topic: Concept 5. 3 Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension 95) Which of the following molecules is the pentose sugar found in RNA? A) 1 B) 4 C) 6 D) 12 E) 13 Answer: D Topic: Concept 5. 5 Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension 96) Which of the following molecules contains a glycosidic linkage type of covalent bond? A) 4 B) 6 C) 12 D) 13 E) 15 Answer: E Topic: Concept 5. 2 Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension 97) Which of the following molecules has a functional group that frequently forms covalent bonds that maintain the tertiary structure of a protein? A) 2 B) 3 C) 7 D) 8 E) 9 Answer: A Topic: Concept 5. 4 Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension 98) Which of the following molecules consists of a hydrophilic head region and a hydrophobic tail region? A) 2 B) 5 C) 7 D) 9 E) 11 Answer: B Topic: Concept 5. 3 Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension 99) Which of the following statements is false? A) Molecules 1 and 4 could be joined together by a glycosidic linkage to form a disaccharide. B) Molecules 9 and 10 could be joined together by ester bonds to form a triacylglycerol. C) Molecules 2 and 7 could be joined together to form a short peptide. D) Molecules 2, 7, and 8 could be joined together to form a short peptide. E) Molecules 14 and 15 could be joined together to form a polypeptide. Answer: E Topic: Concepts 5. 2-5. 4 Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension Scenario Questions Use the following information to answer the questions below. Approximately 32 different monomeric carbohydrate subunits are found in various natural polysaccharides. Proteins are composed of 20 different amino acids. DNA and RNA are each synthesized from four nucleotides. 100) Among these biological polymers, which has the least structural variety? A) polysaccharides B) proteins C) DNA D) RNA Answer: C Topic: Concepts 5. 2-5. 5 Skill: Synthesis/Evaluation 101) Which class of biological polymer has the greatest functional variety? A) polysaccharides B) proteins C) DNA D) RNA Answer: B Topic: Concepts 5. 2-5. 5 Skill: Synthesis/Evaluation 102) Professor Jamey Marth at the University of California, Santa Barbara, identified 70 molecules that are used to build cellular macromolecules and structures. These include at least 34 saccharides, 8 nucleosides, and 20 amino acids. In theory, then, which class of biological polymer has the greatest information-coding capacity? A) polysaccharides B) proteins C) DNA D) RNA Answer: A Topic: Concepts 5. 2-5. 5 Skill: Synthesis/Evaluation End-of-Chapter Questions The following questions are from the end-of-chapter â€Å"Test Your Understanding† section in Chapter 5 of the textbook. 103) Which of the following categories includes all others in the list? A) monosaccharide B) disaccharide C) starch D) carbohydrate E) polysaccharide Answer: D Topic: End-of-Chapter Questions Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension 104) The enzyme amylase can break glycosidic linkages between glucose monomers only if the monomers are in the ? form. Which of the following could amylase break down? A) glycogen, starch, and amylopectin B) glycogen and cellulose C) cellulose and chitin D) starch and chitin E) starch, amylopectin, and cellulose Answer: A Topic: End-of-Chapter Questions Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension 105) Which of the following statements concerning unsaturated fats is true? A) They are more common in animals than in plants. B) They have double bonds in the carbon chains of their fatty acids. C) They generally solidify at room temperature. D) They contain more hydrogen than do saturated fats having the same number of carbon atoms. E) They have fewer fatty acid molecules per fat molecule. Answer: B Topic: End-of-Chapter Questions Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension 106) The structural level of a protein least affected by a disruption in hydrogen bonding is the A) primary level. B) secondary level. C) tertiary level. D) quaternary level. E) All structural levels are equally affected. Answer: A Topic: End-of-Chapter Questions Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension 107) Enzymes that break down DNA catalyze the hydrolysis of the covalent bonds that join nucleotides together. What would happen to DNA molecules treated with these enzymes? A) The two strands of the double helix would separate. B) The phosphodiester linkages of the polynucleotide backbone would be broken. C) The purines would be separated from the deoxyribose sugars. D) The pyrimidines would be separated from the deoxyribose sugars. E) All bases would be separated from the deoxyribose sugars. Answer: B Topic: End-of-Chapter Questions Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension 108) The molecular formula for glucose is C6H12O6. What would be the molecular formula for a polymer made by linking ten glucose molecules together by dehydration reactions? A) C60H120O60 B) C6H12O6 C) C60H102O51 D) C60H100O50 E) C60H111O51 Answer: C Topic: End-of-Chapter Questions Skill: Application/Analysis 109) Which of the following pairs of base sequences could form a short stretch of a normal double helix of DNA? A) 5-purine-pyrimidine-purine-pyrimidine-3 with 3-purine-pyrimidine-purine-pyrimidine-5 B) 5-AGCT-3 with 5-TCGA-3 C) 5-GCGC-3 with 5-TATA-3 D) 5-ATGC-3 with 5-GCAT-3 E) All of these pairs are correct. Answer: D Topic: End-of-Chapter Questions Skill: Application/Analysis If you need any writing assistance, please contact us! Ascendnaamba.org, best MBA essay writing service, provides all kinds of academic help.