George Orwells Nineteen Eighty-Four 1984 :: Free Essays on 1984

In the arena of 1984, Winston rebels against the party, notwithstanding not only does he do it in a different ways merely his displeasure with the society leads him on to rebel numerous times. First of all, Winston has committed a thought crime, a crime which is used to prevent the individual from thinking and the penalty for committing a thought crime was death (so he thought). Winston knew he was guilty for the crime but at the same time he assumes that he is not going to be detected or caught, at least in he beginning. unmatchable thing Winston did was keeping a diary. A diary was of the more serious thought crimes. In his diary, it is pointed out of his sexual frustrations, along with the displeasure of society as a whole. In his diary, he expresses that he longs for the pleasures of the past that were once allowed but no longer due to the power of the Party. However his frustration leads to other things that were in any case deemed illegal and would eventually lead to his f inal downfall. Winston later goes on and meets a woman named Julia. He knows what he is doing is definitely wrong and is a crime but his dissatisfaction with life and his sexual frustration lead him to the wrong conclusion. That he still thinks that he can get away with this and that the thought police will neer catch him. This is where Winston unconsciously seals his fate of being caught but he feels the adventure is well worth the risk. Later in the relationship, they both are aware that the destroy to them is near. There were a couple of things that Winston owned that were deemed illegal but ironically the glass paperweight seemed to be the most important. First of all, the paperweight serves no purpose in the world that Winston lives in. Another thing near it was that it represented individuality to him because he thought of it as a world in which he and Julia lived in and nobody could strain it, even the Party. Finally, it reminded him of the past, the past in which there w as a better world and a world in which the Party never wanted anybody to think about again. Ignorance is Stregenth, one of the terms coined along with War is Peace and Freedom is Slavery, is used by the Party as a way of brainwashing the deal of Oceania.

The Brave New World Essay -- Literary Analysis

Literature as any bookworm will say is not simply the dodge of writing. Literature is the Rembrandt of storytelling, the Einstein of language and the Clint Eastwood of action. Literature is not simply a story literature is a peachy story. One of the most potent traits of great literature is applicability to the life of the reader. This quality is what sets Brave New ground by Aldus Huxley apart from many others applicability to human society in the past, the ease up and the future. A great writer may write the perfect story, exhibiting pristine grammar, vocabulary and writing mechanics, however that story may not be literature. The backing literature is awarded only to a select few stories, one of which is Brave New World by Aldus Huxley. The ingenious omniscient, neutral narrator allows the reader a view from each characters perspective. Huxleys ingenious command of the English language and futuristic insight make Brave New World a true piece of literature.In Brave New Worl d Huxley uses the dystopic society to show many dysfunctions and hypocrisies present within every era from the 1930s to the present. The use of genetic engineering, the social class system and the religious system in Brave New World reflect many issues in immediatelys society eighty years after Brave New World was first published. Huxleys predictions about the future, and how modern society can watch over from Huxleys eighty-year-old visions in the novel Brave New World by Aldus Huxley is a contributing factor why Brave New World is a masterpiece of literature.In recent years mans knowledge of the biological processes of life has grown at a staggering rate. In 1856 an Austrain monastic and scientist, Gregor Mendel, became enthralled with the new study... ...n distress she always has Soma to turn to. From an external perspective Lenina appears to have little control of the world around her, due to her addiction to Soma. The great question posed by Aldus Huxley is this who is cl oser to self-actualization, John the Savage or Lenina Crowne?Works CitedAmerican Public Media. Public Radio Works. APM, 2012. Web. 25 Mar. 2012.Deciphering the Code. Microbiology Procedure. Web. 13 Apr. 2011. History of GMOS. American RadioWorks from American Public Media. Web. 17 Apr. 2011. Huxley, Aldus. Brave New World. New York HarperCollins, 2006. PrintIan Pavlov. Pbs.org. Public Broadcasting Service, n.d. Web. 25 Apr. 2012.Lautenheiser, Mindy. Ian Pavlov. Muskingham University, 1999. Web. 25 Apr. 2012Parent, Richard. Genetic Engineering. Milford uplifted School. Milford, New Hampshire. 1 Nov. 2011. Lecture.

No Doubt :: essays research papers

In the begaining - In Anaheim California Eric Stefani Gwens older brother would write strains like (Stick it in a hole) about a pencil sharpener, and forcing Gwen to song with outhouse their singer. In December of 1986 theirsinger John Spence quits and forces Gwen to sing at their number one gig. In thesummer of 1987 Gwen and Tony (their basses) start going out.December21-1987 John Spence shots him self in a park in Anaheim Cal. In the spring of 1988 the heavy metal guitarist Tom, a college student,refuses his sisters offer to play in her band to play in No Doubt.In 1987-1988 part of the then underground-ska-scence, No Doubt built a huge following of " rude boys" and after numerous gig openings for the untouchables and fishbones, as well up as their own all- ages show. In 1989-1990 No doubt evoled into a soild five piece unit, expanding their sound to include the style of each,natural evolvution shows opening for The Red Hot chili con carne Peppers,Ziggy Martey, Mano Ne gra, their forbrace board sound that appealed to the college crowd. August of 1991 No doubt signs a "big" record contract withInterscope Records. October- December 1991, between working and drivingto school (Toms a music major, Gwens a art major, and Tony and Adrion are psychology majors) the band drives to a Los Angeles studio as often as possible to record their debut album, a 14 song collection of older material as well as recently plained tracks. Finally in march of 1993 No Doubt begains the first sessions for what would be called Tragic Kingdom. Eric departs before the completion of Tragic Kingdom, and continues as a animator for the simpsons. After a seven year relationship, Tony gets clawstrophobic and dumps Gwen and after that she wrote "dont declaim"an evoled from a love song to a broken heart song .January of 1996 several mounths after the release Tragic Kingdom debuts on billboards top cc at no. 175 and the "just a girl" reaches no. 10 Tom who cre ated the music guitar world " I always thought the song was cool but never thought the song would fly like it has , says Tom.June 1996 the song "spiderwebs"with music by Tony and Gwen penned not about their relationship , reaches no. 5 on the billboards.The band begins their first European tour, followed by dates in Austratia,New Zealand , and Indonesial in July 1996 Tragic Kingdom goes plamtinum and so does Gwens hair.

Aims and Objectives Of A Business :: Business Management Strategy

Business aimsEvery business has aims, these are long-term goals of a business. They are designed to provide a focus for staff and to help a business achieve its key purpose. The aims in the privately owned business unremarkably are to provide goods and/or service of processs to the best of the business ability and to make enough profit to survive. The aims of a public sector business normally are to provide essential and efficient services for the state. A business can have more than one aim but it is sensible for them not to have too m each so they can focus on the aims which are most appropriate to the main purpose of their business. Business ObjectivesBusiness objectives are more detailed goals than business aims, they are targets which get set to accomplish the business aims. Generally, business objectives are easier to achieve than business aims as they are depressed down into smaller and easier steps. The objectives of a privately owned business would usually be to increas e sales, to increase the number of customers or to wither costs so that more customers are interested in their business. The objectives of a public sector business would usually be to meet customer targets (an example of this would be to reduce waiting times or to employ more staff) or to keep costs low.Mission statementEvery large business has a perpetration statement. A mission statement is the main purpose that the business is working towards. It is often short and catchy. Mission statements that privately owned businesses create often comment increasing customers, improving employees, lowering or increasing the cost of their products and making their products better value for money whilst publicly owned organisations mention improving the service they provide by concentrating on the quality of their service, the efficiency and especially the customer service. SurvivalWhen in a business we talk about survival we hit to when a business is facing a hard time and whether or no t they can get out of it or whether they will have to stringent down. This happens when trading becomes difficult. A method by which businesses survive is to aim to break-even (make enough money to cover the total costs involved in producing, selling goods or services and running the business) over a certain period. This doesnt make the business any profit but neither does the business lose any money, and therefore they are able to survive.

Examine the Themes of Innocence and Experience in To Kill a Mockingbird

Examine the Themes of Innocence and Experience in To Kill a MockingbirdInnocence is a time when a person has never done something it is thefirst step of the journey from innocence to sustain. The secondstep in this movement is experience and this is what is achieved aftera person has done something they have never done before or learnssomething they have never kn confess before. This bow of growth frominnocence to experience occurs many times in To Kill a Mockingbird andis one of the central themes in the first part of the novel, becauseit shows how Jem and templet change and mature over a small period oftime. Jem, Scout and Dill find ways to use their boundaries, inconjunction with their imaginations to amuse themselves by creatinggames based on adult behaviour. As the children move through thenovel, they use these games to develop from their innocence toexperience by defining the realities of their games through the livesof the adults. Through their own games and through the gam es of theadults, the children learn values of respect, courage, andunderstanding.The story is told by Scout, a mature narrator looking back on herselfas a child. Scouts naivety and childish view of the world ishighlighted by the reader, often understanding events better thanScout herself. The first example of Scout moving from innocence to experience is inChapter 2, when Scout unwillingly begins school. Her fellow pupil,Walter Cunningham, refuses to borrow some money from Miss Caroline tobuy lunch, however Miss Caroline will not accept this refusal. Scoutenters the conversation and tries to explain this matter but isconsequently punished. She then retaliates, resulting in a fight withWaler which ... ...ever, the main example of innocence in the novel is also in Chapter10, when the children are given air rifles for Christmas. Atticussays Shoot all the bluejays you want, if you can hit em, butremember its a sin to kill a mockingbird. The mockingbird representsinnocence. Like hunters who kill mockingbirds for sport, people killinnocence, or other people who are innocent, without thinking just aboutwhat they are doing. Atticus stands firm in his defense of innocenceand urges his children not to shoot mockingbirds both literally andfiguratively. This is also in the title of To Kill a Mockingbird andit has very little literal connection to the plot, but it carries agreat deal of symbolic weight. In this story of innocence destroyed byevil, the mockingbird comes to represent the idea of innocence.Thus, to kill a mockingbird is to destroy innocence.

Examine the Themes of Innocence and Experience in To Kill a Mockingbird

Examine the Themes of Innocence and Experience in To Kill a MockingbirdInnocence is a age when a person has never done something it is thefirst step of the journey from innocence to experience. The secondstep in this movement is experience and this is what is achieved aftera person has done something they have never done before or learnssomething they have never known before. This theme of growth frominnocence to experience occurs more times in To Kill a Mockingbird andis one of the central themes in the first part of the novel, becauseit shows how Jem and Scout change and mature over a small period oftime. Jem, Scout and Dill find ways to use their boundaries, inconjunction with their imaginations to amuse themselves by creatinggames based on adult behaviour. As the children move through thenovel, they use these games to develop from their innocence toexperience by defining the realities of their games through the livesof the adults. Through their own games and through the games o f theadults, the children learn values of respect, courage, andunderstanding.The twaddle is told by Scout, a mature narrator looking back on herselfas a child. Scouts naivety and childish view of the adult male ishighlighted by the reader, often understanding events better thanScout herself. The first example of Scout moving from innocence to experience is inChapter 2, when Scout unwillingly begins school. Her lumberjack pupil,Walter Cunningham, refuses to borrow some money from Miss Caroline tobuy lunch, however Miss Caroline will not accept this refusal. Scoutenters the conversation and tries to rationalize this matter but isconsequently punished. She then retaliates, resulting in a fight withWaler which ... ...ever, the main example of innocence in the novel is also in Chapter10, when the children argon given air rifles for Christmas. Atticussays Shoot all the bluejays you want, if you can hit em, butremember its a sin to annihilate a mockingbird. The mockingbird represent sinnocence. Like hunters who kill mockingbirds for sport, people killinnocence, or other people who are innocent, without thinking aboutwhat they are doing. Atticus stands firm in his defense of innocenceand urges his children not to shoot mockingbirds both echtly andfiguratively. This is also in the title of To Kill a Mockingbird andit has very little literal connection to the plot, but it carries agreat deal of symbolic weight. In this story of innocence destroyed byevil, the mockingbird comes to represent the idea of innocence.Thus, to kill a mockingbird is to destroy innocence.

Communication Between Patients And Professionals Health And Social Care Essay

This chapter examines bing surveies on pass oning possibility utilizing disparate coifs, discusses the effectivity, truth and founding of unnatural role lots tuition, peculiarly looking at surveies conducted on communicating with immature patients.3.4. Hazard Communication Existing surveies on usage of in create verb completelyy tools for a/effective hazard communicating. utile and affectional hazard communicating is of import for both patients and medical professionals and has an bear upon on decision-making, diagnosing, proving, farther medical intervention and palmy recovery. To let people to do an informed determination, peculiarly in footings of hazard, force out besides assist to mitigate patient- mend relationship. It is non merely a affair of content just now besides how reading is presented. ( Timmermans, Molewijk, Stiggelbout and Kevit 2004 ) .Many surveies have been conducted refering patients demands in footings of informed picks. ( e. g. Panton, R, 2009 , Ulph, F. , 2008, Peters, E. , 2008, Coad, J. , 2007, Price M. , 2007, Paling, J. , 2003, Timmermans, D.R.M. , 2004, 2005, Briss, P. , 2004 OConnor, A. , 2002, Fischhoff B. , 1999 ) . Paling points out that effectual hazard communicating is the footing for informed patient consent for medical intervention, yet until late physicians have lagged behind other professionals in larning this accomplishment ( Paling, J. , 2003 ) . Professionals get h gray-headed of to back up patients in doing picks by bout natural study into culture that is more helpful to the treatments than the information ( Edwards, A. , 2002 ) . Encouraged by a portend of look into workers wellness professionals late more often seek to enable patients to adequately grok the hazard as its apprehension can be of import for appropriate decision-making. They ar confronting a scope of obstructions and jobs of diverse sorts.Effective hazard communicating, says Fischhoff, uses audience members clip good by tote uping them with the information that they just about need, in a material body that they can user-friendly grok . Furthermore, he stresses, that lend throughing this undertaking can be difficult because of jobs with both the sender and the receiving corpse ( Fischhoff B. , 1999 ) .Communicating hazard is surely non an easy procedure because of its multiformness and therefore can be disputing for the wellness professionals. Thun gives a brief overview of chief communicating troubles which American physicians are fighting with such as patient s short numeracy accomplishments, modified cognition about the causes of malignant neoplastic unhealthiness, or hazard of malignant neoplastic disease, and besides jobs with remembering or construing kick downstairss ( Thun, M. , J. , 2008 ) . Many protestent dimensions and built-in uncertainnesss need to be taken into history, says Paling. Recent relegateings on the perceptual experience of hazards and benefits from a psych ological position further perplex the undertaking. ( Paling, J. , 2003 ) . Paling besides brings out the lesson of Lloyd and co-workers research, which suggested that patients merely pull out the effect of any information-not the detail-to brand determinations ( Lloyd A, et Al. 2001 ) . Furthermore, about patients comprehension of hazards is chiefly determined non by informations they receive but by emotions ( Paling, J. , 2003, Timmermans, R.D.M. , 2005, Klein, W. , M. , P. , Stefanek, M. , E. , 2007, Finucane, M.L. , 2008 ) . Therefore, although most physicians can readily supply a competent history of the biomedical informations associating to a peculiar hazard, this alone is in all likelihood to be unfertile. If the patient s feelings reorient an apprehension of the facts, so his or her ability to do nonsubjective determinations about clinical direction will be impaired ( Paling, J. , 2003 ) .3.4.2 Using ocular AIDSs for demonstrate chancesPaling advises wellness pro fessionals to hire appropriate ocular AIDSs therefore patients from all backgrounds can understand their accounts. Even in true states significant Numberss of patients have hapless numeracy or literacy accomplishments and are likely to get to trouble understanding the significance of the Numberss that physicians wish to portion. For these people, ocular AIDSs can assist by demoing the Numberss in position. The pie map ( pioneered by Florence Nightingale, fig. 1 ) is a premier voice of a simple yet effectual ocular assistance, helpful to people at all academic degrees ( Paling, J. , 2003 ) . common fig tree 1. Diagram of the Causes of Mortality in the Army in the East, graphs frequently described as roses, created by Florence Nightingale. As a innovator in situated uping the vastness of sanitation in infirmaries she aimed to pass on the gathered informations on associating decease tolls in infirmaries to cleanliness in most, as she as shopping centreed, effectual manner by u tilizing in writing bureau, similar to normally use now pie charts.( www.understandinucerntainty.org/node/213 )Paling has developed several tools for helping to explicate the hazards of different orders of likeliness ( figs 2-3 ) . code 2. Paling PaletteA -for exposing most medical hazards with a chance of higher than 1 in 1000. The physician or familial counselor fills in the relevant informations while sitting beside the patient. This format destines the estimations of positive and negative results at the same time and nowadayss unambiguous ocular representations of the chances.The patient whitethorn take a printout place for farther consideration, or the signifier may be signed by the patient and a transcript kept on file ( Paling, J. , 2003 ) .The manner physicians communicate hazard can reach a patient s perceptual experience of hazards and hence, as Paling emphasiss that numeral informations should be enhanced with verbal accounts, physicians are supposed to utilize dic tatorial Numberss alternatively utilizing comparative hazards or per centum betterments, he advises besides saying the odds from a positive and negative position and utilizing a consistent denominator. radiation diagram 3. rewrite Paling Perspective ScaleA for exposing hazards covering widely different orders of magnitude ( Paling, J. , 2003 ) ..OConnor reexamining present determination AIDSs include brochures, tapes, videodisk, synergistic computing machine plans, or paper ground charts, sees them as valuable and helpful for presentation and treatment of hazard information with patients. However, as she concludes there go on to be excessively few surveies to find the effects of determination AIDSs on continuity with the chosen therapy, costs, or resource usage and there is a demand for farther rating. ( OConnor A. , 2009 ) .Timmermans distinguishes three formats for pass oning hazard verbal footings, a numerical format, and a graphical format. Using artworks is considered to be utile for examineing uncertainness. When a thing is hard to understand, he says, it attends obvious to utilize artworks to explicate it. Graphical hazard information is as middleed to assist persons to understand and sum up hazard information ( Timmermans, R.D.M. , 2005 ) . However harmonizing to Timmermans surveies there is no important grounds on high quality of graphic over other formats in footings of pass oning hazards. However the presentation of icons was evaluated as really helpful, with indicant that assort icons world power be better than allocated icons. Vertical bars were evaluated as less suited manner to show hazard ( Timmermans, R.D.M. , et Al, 2004 ) .Center for Prenatal Diagnosis of the VU University medical Center uses icons to explicate the consequences of a screening trial, ( Fig. 5 ) ( Timmermans, R.D.M. , 2005 ) . Similar to Paling Palettes as yet, alternatively of impersonal human silhouettes, emoticons were introduced. Smiling faces represent non af fected persons whereas black points show the figure of opportunities of being pregnant with a kid with Down s syndrome.Figure 5. face of the hazard formatsthe 1-year mortality hazards of the low-risk patient as presented, severally, in the numerical format, as stacked perpendicular bars and as icons ( indiscriminately located icons ) ( Timmermans, R.D.M. , et Al, 2004 ) .Figure. 6. The left examine shows a normal opportunity ( i.e. non increased ) and the right image shows an increased opportunity of being pregnant with a kid with Down s syndrome.( Timmermans, R.D.M. , 2005 )Parallel hazard pass oning in writing formats, derived from those designed by Paling, are presented by Edwards. One of them combines numerical informations, graduated table, and lingual communication informations conveying degrees of increasing hazard ( figure 7 ) ( Edwards, A. , 2002 ) .Figure 7. Hazard linguistic communication proposal, derived from PalingEdwards nowadayss besides Visual Rx, an available on line in writing tool, which is designed to assist in the procedure of interlingual rendition of grounds into pattern, the comparative metre into an absolute step. And once more emoticons represent human participants, this clip four types of faces differing in facial look and colorss to mean the informations, fig.8.Figure 8. Portrayal of hazards and benefits of intervention with antibiotics for otitis media designed with Visual Rx, a plan that calculates Numberss postulate to handle from the pooled consequences of a metaAanalysis and bring forth a graphical show of the consequence ( Edwards, A. , 2002 ) . For original illustrations screamwww.nntonline.net/visualrx/examples/Edwards surveies emphasizing that information must be presented clearly. Sometimes numerical informations entirely may do. The ocular presentation of hazard information has besides been explored. Some falsifiable surveies suggest that many patients prefer simple saloon charts to other formats such as thermome ter graduated tables, crowd figures ( for illustration, demoing how many of 100 people are affected ) , survival curves, or pie charts other surveies have found that people may prefer presentations that lead them to less accurate perceptual experiences of hazard ( Edwards, A. , 2002 ) .Lipkus and Holland present an overview of in writing formats for pass oning hazard they give the illustrations of ocular shows that have been introduced to supply effectual hazard information such as hazard draw, Chernoff faces, line graphs, points, marbles, pie chart and histogram.Figure 9.Examples of ocular shows that have been used to pass on hazard. query workers have used the following to exemplify hazard( a ) hazard ladder ( B ) stick, human, Chernoff faces ( degree Celsius ) line graph ( vitamin D ) points and Xs in which the Xs represent those affected by the jeopardy ( vitamin E ) marbles ( degree Fahrenheit ) pie chart ( informations are fabricated ) and histogram.Reprinted with permi ssion of writer.( Lipkus, and Hollands, 1999 )Figure 10. Example of a Nightingale rose. For each rose, a circle is divided into multiple parts of equal tend the radius of each piece is used to picture the measure of involvement. Because the informations for each season are in the same place in each rose, it is easy to compare them. The informations are fictional. ( Lipkus, and Hollands, 1999 )Figure 11. Example of a hazard ladder conveying the hazards of Rn. Radon degrees are being compared with the figure of coffin nails smoked and the figure of excess malignant neoplastic disease deceases. On the right, the ladder displays an action criterion ( indicating pointer of 4 pCi/L ) , along with advice on how to construe Rn degrees and the action that is required, if any. Reprinted with permission of writer.( Lipkus, and Hollands, 1999 )Figure 12. Pie chart developed by the National Cancer Institute and evaluated by focal point groups to picture lung malignant neoplastic disease hazard as a map of smoke and Rn exposure. Reprinted with permission from the National Cancer Institute ( 49 ) .Fig. 13. A graph with a low data-ink ratio. Notice the sum of ink devoted to objects that do non incorporate the information of involvement ( images, busy background, horizontal grid lines, patterned fills on the bars, and so on ) ( Lipkus, and Hollands, 1999 ) .Figure 14. Ibrekk and Morgan s recommended graphical secret plans to pass on quantitative uncertainnesss. This illustration of a cumulative distribution map is plotted straight infra the chance denseness map with the same horizontal graduated table and with the location of the mean marked by a point. Reprinted with permission. ( Ibrekk H, Morgan GM, 1987, in Lipkus, and Hollands, 1999 )Showing these information format illustrations, Lipkus and Holland were on the early phases of their research on how supplying ocular shows of malignant neoplastic disease hazard per Se affects hazard perceptual experience, decision-maki ng procedures, and, finally, look . They stressed that due to multidimensionality of hazard, coactions between assorted subjects and organisations are needed. Working coaction between experts in human factors, psychological science, sociology, psychophysics, graph perceptual experience, and the mass media is likely to take to more integrative and fresh attacks than research inwardly a individual subject ( Lipkus and Hollands, 1999 ) . The research indicates a demand to determine the extent to which artworks and other visuals heighten the populace s apprehension of disease hazard to ease decision-making and behavioral alteration procedures ( Lipkus and Hollands, 1999 ) .Anckner and co-workers more late searched for rating surveies of graphs describing, chances, frequences, or opportunities of wellness events that had non been cover in Lipkus and Hollands reappraisal ( Anckner et al, 2006 ) . They excluded commentaries and instructions covered already by Edwards and co-workers ( Edwards et al. , 2002 ) besides surveies of hurting graduated tables, public-service corporation steps, or illustrations that communicated dainty or cursory relationships, and surveies in which artworks were non used as an independent variable ( Elwyn et al. , 2004, Schapira et al. , 2000 ) . Harmonizing to the findings the pick of in writing format for hazard communicating depends upon the intent different formats should be used for heightening quantitative apprehension or advance good arithmetic judgements, whereas others to advance behavior alteration ( Anckner et al, 2006 ) .Furthermore Anckner points out that for good quantitative judgements the size of in writing component should be relative to the figure it portraits , other than people can be more influenced by the size than by the figure. look for showed that part-to-whole saloon charts and part-to-whole consecutive ordered icons arrays can be used to assist viewing audiences grok the mathematical proportion ( Stone et al, 2003, Schirillo et al. , 2005 ) . Furthermore this may assist them change the emotional content of attach toing school text ( Anckner et al, 2006, Fagerlin A, 2005 ) . With experts and ballad users given some direction, survival curves can be utile for pulling attending to information that is otherwise ignored, such as middle-term results ( Anckner et al, 2006 ) . Patients can separate proportions rather successfully with part-to-whole consecutive icon arrays. However, say Anckner et al. , proportions are hard to measure in indiscriminately logical icon arrays and perchance besides when the icons are jittered. This could account for the disfavor of random-arrangement arrays found in qualitative surveies ( Feldman-Stewart et al. , 2000 ) Therefore, consecutive arranged icon arrays may be better than random 1s in any state of affairs that requires the spectator to gauge a proportion or compare two proportions ( Anckner et al, 2006 ) . Research workers stressed that spea r carrier work may be needed to corroborate the intimation in some surveies that indiscriminately arranged icon arrays help convey the hard urinate of opportunity or uncertainness ( Baty et al. , 1997, Witte K. , 1997 ) .Anckner and co-workers found that comparatively few surveies have attempted to show the even more hard construct of uncertainness near a chance estimation ( assurance intervals ) .Therefore pass oning an uncertainness in hazards should be a subject for go oning survey, given older findings that laypeople are frequently unfamiliar with the construct of scientific uncertainness ( Anckner et al, 2006 ) .They besides province that qualitative research is of import to larn more about how patients interpret graphs, nevertheless bank excessively to a great extent on patients likes and disfavors may present a job because they sometimes like artworks that lead to hapless quantitative judgements Research workers expect that future research will assist develop artworks that are both acceptable and successful in advancing quantitative judgements or behavioural results ( Anckner et al, 2006 ) .Furthermore they advice to take in history interactions with instruction degree, literacy, numeracy, and civilization, therefore they are of import go oning countries of research. In decision they point out that although graphs frequently seem to be more intuitive than words, the literature shows that graphical literacy is strongly affected by expertness and acquaintance with specific graphical formats. Furthermore the direction might be needed to enable patients to construe certain formats. ( Anckner et al, 2006 ) .A late issued set of guidelines for making patient determination AIDSs recommends the usage of multiple hazard presentation formats ( OConnor AM, 2007, 2009 ) . This recommendation supports the consequences of research conducted by Dolan ( Dolan J. G. , 2008 ) . Harmonizing to his survey the most preferable was a combined format ( combined increa se saloon chart + flow plat ) and all three combined formats were more preferable than the three individual format options included in the survey, Fig. 17 ( Dolan J. G. , 2008 ) . Dolan s survey has several restrictions, nevertheless there is a clear suggestion that patients may prefer combined, instead than individual, in writing hazard presentation formats and that augmented saloon charts and icon shows may be utile for conveying comparative information about critical hazards to clinical determination shapers. Nevertheless Dolan suggests that farther research to corroborate and widen these findings is needed ( Dolan J. G. , 2008 ) . Whether patient penchants are affected by different coloring material strategies, axis data format, the size of the show, and other design features remains unknown.Figure 15. The augmented saloon chart.The left manus panel is a standard saloon chart demoing the full dataset. The right manus panel magnifies the differences between the two options so th e magnitude of the differences can be seen more clearly ( Dolan J. G. , 2008 ) .Figure 16. The augmented icon show.The left manus panel is a standard icon show demoing the full dataset. The right manus panel magnifies the differences between the two options so the magnitude of the differences can be seen more clearly. The ruddy diamonds indicate patients with malignant neoplastic disease, the green diamonds indicate patients without malignant neoplastic disease, and the broken diamond symbol indicates malignant neoplastic diseases prevented through exhibit and screening-related intercessions ( Dolan J. G. , 2008 ) .Figure 13. The flow diagram.Figure 17. Example penchant comparing screens wild.This figure shows the screen used by the survey subjects to do the comparings among the hazard presentation formats. The skidder used to bespeak their strength of penchant, if any, is shown in the top panel. The magnitude of penchant was indicated in the numeral box to the right and in the link ed horizontal saloon charts and pie chart below. The panel in the amphetamine left is the bill of fare screen used to travel from one comparing to the following ( Dolan J. G. , 2008 ) .Most late Lin and co-workers carried on research on showing the hazards of fatal abnormalcy to pregnant adult females as an of import in reding prior to offering antenatal showing trials. Furthermore they province that these hazards must be equilibrise against the hazards of injury caused by diagnostic probes that frequently means that patients and professionals are faced with hard judgements. Research considered how these ocular presentation tools can be developed to pass on hazard more efficaciously, particularly in the quandary determination doing procedure. Related surveies have revealed that ocular presentation such as artworks illustration and images affect perceived hazard, attitude and behaviour. A questionnaire method was applied to this research to measure 9 different formats of dilemma de termination devising tools ( Lin, F-S. et Al. 2009 ) .Figure 18. 9 different formats of dilemma state of affairs were developed in this research and all of them were adopted the same information of the hazard for pregnant adult females to digest babes with Down s syndrome, and the opportunity of amniocentesis doing abortion. Two comparative informations were juxtapose together to see if the quandary state of affairs will repair their picks, including text format, ratio informations format, proportion informations format, histogram format, pie chart format, abstract image format, distinct concrete image format ( the icons are arranged as a block and mournful each other ) , consecutive concrete image format ( the icons are non touching each other ) , and a composite format ( Lin, F-S. et Al. 2009 ) .Similarly to old related research, Lin and co-workers found that different ocular tools will impact people s hazard perceptual experience nevertheless it would non impact their picks o f proving, although there is specialty consequently to the age groups. The research shows that any instructions provided to people in any clip or any topographic points will all impact their determination devising. When seeking to pass on the intervention options with patients, the research workers advised, take patients life manners, backgrounds, or even the societal phenomena in to consideration to supply balanced value-neutral and most helpful information to them to do appropriate determinations ( Lin, F-S. et Al. 2009 ) .One of the surveies conducted by Fillingham on best pattern in design for patient information suggests that utilizing statistics, exposures and illustrations are amongst the most popular picks for how participants think hazard should be explained to them. Furthermore, exposure and illustrations allow people to understand and visualize processs explained within the text of a booklet ( Fillingham, S. , 2008 ) .Figure 19. Hazard perceptual experience piece inspired by Paling Palette( Fillingham, S. , 2008 )Fillingham designed a scope of icons for ground on the Paling Palettes information sheets. His purpose was to make an educational and synergistic signifier utilizing artworks, icons and illustrations. As an result he produced a chest malignant neoplastic disease hazard endorse and chest malignant neoplastic disease establishing perceptual experience plunk for and besides redesigned hazard informing cusps.Figure 16. Cervical malignant neoplastic disease hazard chart ( Fillingham, S. , 2008 )Figure 20. Cervical malignant neoplastic disease reply sheet ( Fillingham, S. , 2008 )Introducing icons-stickers along with a game format do a design more synergistic, which can better patient-doctor relationship by leting the hazard information to flux in both waies both participant and doctor can profit from, garnering of import information. Furthermore, as Fillingham suggests this game experience could be more entertaining and enjoyable t han reading a text based cusp and therefore the information can be recalled more efficaciously by the participant ( Fillingham, S. , 2008 ) .Importantly, while transporting on his research, Fillingham managed to roll up indispensable informations on sense hazard every bit good as participants personal penchant of text or a in writing based medium. The survey shows that patients favoured dismaying and brighter colorss over darker colorss, which frequently have negative associations. Therefore the writer recommended usage of these lighter colorss within hazard cusps for positive associations. Furthermore color informations collected shows that light blue, pink and yellow were amongst the most popular/favourite colorss chosen by participants ( Fillingham, S. , 2008 ) . More about coloring material and artworks analysis in chapter 4 A survey conducted by Panton in her research looks at hazard information provided to parents of kids with malignant neoplastic disease. ( eCancerCare s ystem, get out Roadmap cards, fig. 21, 22 ) . Parents are frequently confronted with inexplicable, complex information that is severely designed to efficaciously pass on multiple intervention options, hazards, and outcomes. Therefore a clear apprehension of hazard is peculiarly of import in these treatments, and necessary for to the full informed consent to accomplish optimum patient attention ( Panton, R. , 2009 ) .Figure 21. eCancerCare is a system of point-of-care disease-specific databases that dock with the standard electronic medical record to supply inside informations non available in the institutional record ( a ) Individual patient informations are viewed under checks that accommodate the demands of each disease site, designed by the site group squad. For illustration, eCancerCareRB incorporates retinal drawings and digital images that provide elaborate information on intraocular tumors. ( B ) DePICT provides a graphical representation of each oculus, bespeaking the ba dness of disease at diagnosing ( Group D in each oculus in this instance ) with symbols bespeaking the interventions delivered ( Panton, R. , 2009 ) .Figure 22. Legend and DePICT Roadmap cards stand foring interventions over 5 old ages after initial diagnosing for nine eyes showing with the same badness of intraocular retinoblastoma for Groups A to E of the International Intraocular Retinoblastoma Classification ( Panton, R. , 2009 ) .Panton s surveies shows that understanding hazard is related to parent age, with older parents averaging higher tonss, irrespective of instruction attainment or first linguistic communication. Our consequences, says Panton, may besides connote that parental apprehension of hazard is related to their bid of the linguistic communication used by the clinician ( Panton, R. , 2009 ) .3.4.3 Communicating hazard to chelaren/ juvenility patients.Health professionals make an effort to affect kids in the determination devising procedure and supply both verbal and written information. The bulk of wellness information is designed by grownups and is in the signifier of cusps. There is no grounds whether such information is appropriate for kids. Furthermore there is still excessively little figure of surveies refering ocular hazard information addressed to kids. Which format of information is most suited for immature patients to pass on hazard? Can they take hold of hazard every bit to grownups does their response to the formats differ?The survey of perilous decision-making have been comparatively rare, nevertheless several research workers have approached this complex proposition and managed to develop, suited for childs, undertakings, which aim to capture cultivational tendencies in hazardous decision-making procedure ( e. g. Harbaugh et al. , 2002, Reyna, V. F. , & A Ellis, S. C. , 1994, Schlottmann, 2000, 2001 ) .One of these conducted by Schlottmann purposes to find kids s scheme for measuring complex gambles with alternate award s for alternate results ( Schlottmann A. , 2001 ) . To meet the winning result, a marble is shaken in a clear tubing inset with a bicolour strip. opportunity is manipulated by changing the figure of little or really big awards that could be won on one result ( 1 or 10 crayons on yellow ) , while the other result carried intermediate awards ( 3 or 6 crayons on blue ) . Children judged how happy a marionette would be to play the game, the judgement taken as a step of Expected Value, fig. 23 ( Schlottmann A. , 2001 ) .Figure 23. Conventional of two sample games. A marble could set down on either tubing section, and the marionette would win the award placed by that section. The two games illustrate that the same physical cue has different significance in the context of different games In the top illustration, the one unit xanthous section represents.2 chance, in the bottom illustration.5. In the top illustration, the sestet crayon award for bluish makes it the higher value, hazardou s option, but in the bottom illustration this is the lower value certain thing.( Schlottmann, A. , 2001 )The survey found that all age groups ( 6 old ages old, 9 old ages old and grownups ) used similar intuitive operations . The writer suggests that there is similar intuitive office for the instruction of judgment/ determination in kids and grownups ( Schlottmann A. , 2001 ) . This survey does non include hazard factor, which can importantly impact chance perceptual experience.Levin and Hart ( Levin et al. , 2003, 2007 ) addressed the enquiry about the age that kids should be provided with the hazard information at and when they become capable to grok hazard information, and chance issues in peculiar. Research workers used cups undertaking game where chance is conveyed by the figure of cups from which choose. The research found that 6-year-old kids make their determinations on the footing of both chance and result information, nevertheless they made more hazardous picks than gr ownups ( they parents ) .On the footing of old surveies current writers ( Levin et al. , 2007 ) and others ( e. g. Harbaugh et al. , 2002, Reyna, V. F. , & A Ellis, S. C. , 1994, Schlottmann, A. , & A Tring J. , 2007 ) concluded that immature kids possess the basic apprehension and the ability to see both chance and outcome information in footings of hazard associated decision-making procedure. Furthermore they anticipate that future research will be able to track how different phases of impersonal development individually impact the emotional and cognitive constituents of adaptative determination devising ( Levin et al. , 2007 ) .Latest surveies by Figner and co-workers seem to corroborate that there is still a neediness of indispensable research looking into the mechanism underlying developmental differences in hazardous determination devising , there is still non plenty informations on superstar differences in hazard pickings, such as trust on affective/deliberative scheme s and information usage which could take this procedure ( Figner et al. , 2009 ) .Ulph and co-workers carried on research to happen out how hazard should be communicated to kids, comparing different formats of chance information.Similarly to earlier research workers ( Levin et al. , 2007 ) , she used cup game test to analyze child ability to grok complex hazard information fig. 24 ( a, B, degree Celsius ) . In each test the kid was asked to choose the cup which was most likely to hold a ball underneath it based on the chance provided under each cup. The kids were asked if they recognised each format and whether they required an account ( Ulph F. , Townsend E. , Glazebrook C. , 2009 ) . If the kid selected the cup with the highest chance depicted below it the kid was given one point. The survey showed that there was a important relationship between format and comprehension tonss and kids performed significantly better when chance was presented as a pie chart, in comparing to per c entums, proportion notation, proportion-word and assorted format tests. Furthermore, most kids ( 84 % ) got all tests correct for this format and kids were significantly more certain that their response was right in the pie chart tests compared to all the other formats ( P & lt 0.001 ) ( Ulph F. , Townsend E. , Glazebrook C. , 2009 ) .Figure 24a. Illustration of one cup game test ( Ulph F. , Townsend E. , Glazebrook C. , 2009 )Figure 24b. Illustration of a pie chart format test in which the visible radiation subdivision indicates the likeliness of the ball being under that cup. ( Ulph F. , Townsend E. , Glazebrook C. , 2009 ) .Figure 24c Illustration of assorted format test ( Ulph F. , Townsend E. , Glazebrook C. , 2009 ) .The consequences of Fiona Ulph and co-workers surveies suggest that 7-11 twelvemonth olds can understand chance information, but that the format used will significantly impact the truth and assurance with which kids in this age group make opinions about the l ikeliness of an event. Of the formats studied, pie charts appear to be the optimum method of showing probabilistic information to kids in this age group . She concludes that wellness professionals and interior decorators of wellness messages should be cognizant of this when pass oning medical information to kids aged 7-11 old ages old ( Ulph F. , Townsend E. , Glazebrook C. , 2009 ) .Figner and co-workers investigated hazard taking and underlying information usage in 13- to 16- and 17- to 19-years-old striplings and grownups, utilizing a fresh dynamic risk-taking undertaking, the Columbia menu Task ( CCT ) , fig. 25 ( Figner et al. , 2009 ) . They used digital based tests of hazardous cart game smileys ( emoticons ) mark the successfully exposed cards.Figure 25. Screenshots of the hot ( left panel ) and cold ( right panel ) Columbia Card Task( Figner et al. , 2009 ) .As shown in Figure 25, both the hot and the cold versions of the CCT involve 32 cards, displayed in four rows of 8 cards each. At the commencement ceremony of each test, all cards are shown face down. The regulations of the game are as follows Within a given test, cards can be glowering over every bit long as attachment cards are encountered. Each addition card adds a specified addition sum to the test final payment, and the participant can voluntarily halt the test at any point and claim the obtained final payment. Equally shortly as a loss card is encountered, the test terminates that is, no more cards can be turned over and a specified loss sum is subtracted from the old final payment. The top of the screen displays the undermentioned information for a given test figure of concealed loss cards ( out of 32 ) , sum of addition per addition card, sum of loss, and current test figure.A full factorial within-subject design varied the three game parametric quantities or factors between tests ( a ) chance of a loss ( 1, 2, or 3 loss cards ) , ( B ) addition sum ( 10, 20, or 30 points per additi on card ) , and ( degree Celsius ) loss sum ( 250, 500, or 750 points ) . Showing each of the 27 combinations of factor degrees twice resulted in 54 tests, with the tests indiscriminately ordered within each of the two blocks of 27 tests ( Figner et al. , 2009 ) .The research showed that there is no important difference in footings of doing picks in cold ( more deliberative ) or hot ( affectional ) quandary state of affairss, they seem to react every bit. Furthermore, as observed in this survey hazard pickings occurs when the urge from the affectional system overrides deliberative urges to avoid hazard and besides relaying excessively much on deliberation can take to increased hazard taking in striplings in state of affairss in which grownups would neer of all time see the pros and cons but instinctively would avoid a hazard because of strong fright response ( Figner et al. , 2009 ) . As it was mentioned before Figner hopes that farther research will convey more information on c hildhood, adolescence and maturity hazard perceptual experience and its developmental passages.3.4.4 DecisionHarmonizing to bing surveies different ocular tools can impact people s hazard perceptual experience, nevertheless how people perceived hazards would non impact their picks, the determination doing procedure can differ harmonizing to age groups. Therefore developing in writing format for hazard communicating we need to take into history patients age, literacy degree, their life manners, backgrounds, or single penchants to supply most comprehensive and accessible information to help them to doing appropriate determinations. Thus multidimensionality of hazard requires coactions between assorted subjects and administrations. All research workers urge that farther research is needed and anticipate that country of ocular hazard communicating for doing informed picks will go on to spread out and develop..

Age of Enlightenment Essay

In his essay What is Enlightenment? Immanuel Kant discusses the nature of Enlightenment and how it can be brought to the general public. match to Kant, Enlightenment is mans release from his self-incurred tutelage. By this, Kant way of life that Enlightenment is when one man is able to make use of his understanding without guidance from another(prenominal) man.Kant sees an Age of Enlightenment as a time when the human society can be liberated from their nature of discharge, which is a need for someone to be their director. However, Kant also states that we have a natural need for tutelage when we are young, and that it is perfectly all right. In addition, after nature discharges us of this need, we should activate our rational ability.Enlightenment according to Kant is the progress of a society through free activity of rational thought and intellectual assessment. In an Enlightened Age, the public would be able to manage their given freedoms with competence. However, Kant claims th at we do not live in an Enlightened Age rather, we live in an Age of Enlightenment. By this statement, he means that an Enlightened Age would be an age where we have overcome all self-incurred tutelage.An Age of Enlightenment is the current age, where we have not overcome all self-incurred tutelage, and where we have begun to activate our own powers of reason and have begun to make progress through critique.Also in his essay, Kant distinguishes between the public and private use of reason. He states that the public use of ones reason must always be free and it alone can bring about enlightenment among men. In saying this, the author views public usage of reason as for the purpose of progress. Kant regards the private use of reason as that which one may make of it in a particular civil post or office which is entrusted to him. In other words, the philosopher explains the private use of reason as a rational thespian in a specific occupation.In my opinion, Kant was a great thinker. I could not argue with his supporters that claim that he is the last philosopher. Reading this clip of his beliefs, I think that Kant makes a great point. I agree that for the human race to be considered enlightened we will need to avoid the natural urge to requirement to not feel alienated. Humans are generally a dependant species, needing company or some sort of contact with other humans. Along with this, we commonly do not want to feel different and hence, we sometimes model our actions after what we see others do.In conclusion, Immanuel Kants essay, What is Enlightenment? describes the time we are vitality in as an Age of Enlightenment, not an Enlightened Age. Kant also theorizes that to be in the ideal Enlightened Age, society will have to make anomalous thoughts and actions obsolete. Society will need to make decisions after careful study of the possible outcome and effects their choices may cause.BibliographyEssay what is enlightenment? by Immaneul kant

Types of Motivation

Edgar McCarthy Types of Motivation Professor Dr. Clemons 4-8-13 Submitted in Partial Fulfillment for a Bachelor of Science Degree Week 3 Westwood College Types of Motivation 1. Emphasis on personnel motives and values. An effective motivation plan must take into context the motives and values of employees. Criminal workers have motives and values that stress public service as well as personal interests they want to ne in commerce that is both appreciated and remunerated fairly and earmarkly.Often criminal rightness administrators are indifferent to or unaware of just how important the motives and values of employees are. Those in leading positions must offer a set of motives and values as guidance for subordinates. By having an articulated mission statement, for example the important motives and values of the organization capture known, and employees are able to see how they fit into larger picture of the organization. 2. Use of incentitives and rewards. Employees need incentit ives to meet expectations and appropriate rewards for jobs well done.A major challenge for criminal justice administrators is the creation of formal and informal approaches to recognize and reward employees. The types of rewards can be varied. Monetary rewards are often difficult to provide, but other types of rewards, such as informal praise when a job is handled well and employee recognition programs can be given. 3. Reinforcement. Administrators must develop feedback mechanism so that workers understand that their performance is appropriate on assigned tasks. More often than not, the immediate supervisor provides little or no feedback to subordinates.This creates much anxiety and uncertainty among employees, causing their motivation to wane. 4. particular proposition and clear goals. All theories of motivation highlight the importance of goals or expected outcomes to the motivation process. This is probably the more or less difficult and problematical area in make criminal just ice employees. As public agencies, criminal justice organizations are expected to address multiple, and sometimes conflicting, goals consequently, specifying goals and prioritizing them can be very difficult. This difficulty, more than all other, poses problems for administrators.Goal clarity and goal consensus may not be possible in criminal justice organizations and, as a consequence, developing effective motivation plans give be difficult. 5. Sufficient personal and material resources. The organization must have a sufficient number of resources, both human and financial, to create a straight-laced motivating environment for employees. Examples of such resources include support and training programs for employees, outlets for employees that allow socialization and the development of informal groups, and material support, such as adequate supplies and equipment, for tasks to be accomplished and goal attained.Managers that take these ideas can make criminal justice organizations more aware of the motivation needs of employees. Positive motivation is the single most important element for job satisfaction and department success which then equates into community approval and support. By establishing and implementing changes to import motivation then attitudes will turn on and the productive transformation will be apparent. References Criminal Justice Organizations Administration and Management By Stan Stojkovic, David B. Kalinich, John Klofas http//lawenforcementtoday. com/2011/10/31/motivational-policing/

African Americans: Fighting for Their Rights Essay

in that location has always been a lot of discussion ab protrude the perception of Afri lav Americans in the media and how it affects their self-identity. It is easy to find examples of prejudice in word picture African Americans in the media. So what exactly is it that the media does to bring out these stereotypes, biases, and images that tend to stick with a lot of African Americans? The goal of this paper is to explore the dissimilar perceptions African Americans have g sensation through, how it has given them a champion of forked consciousness on life, where the media image of African Americans that has stuck with them for so long can, and leave al single go from here.According to the get together States Census Bureau (2001), 12. 3% of all people reporting as one lean reported they were obscure or African American. This ethnic identity is now the second biggest minority group in the United States. It also refers to a group of people that has been in the United States f or as long as it has existed. However, through the persecution of slavery, the austerity of segregation, and the continuing underlying prejudice, African Americans ar compose searching for their true(p) identity.Just as children that were take tend to long for a true identity most of their lives, so argon the circumstances of the African American. Stolen from their homeland and forced into slavery in a new country, African Americans were basically victims of identity theft. Although a lot of progress has been made in the way of an American identity for African Americans, a true identity has not yet been found. According to W. E. B DuBois (1903) The history of the American Negro is the history of this strifethis longing to attain self-conscious manhood, to merge his double self into a better and truer self (p.68).M each African Americans feel the very(prenominal) as W. E. B. Du Bois when he says, After the Egyptian and Indian, the Greek and Roman, the Teuton and Mongolian, the N egro is a sort of seventh son, born with a veil, and gifted with second-sight in this American world a world which yields him no true self-consciousness, but tho lets him check out himself through the revelation of the another(prenominal) world. He also states, One ever feels his twoness an American, a Negro, two souls, two theorys, two unreconciled arrives two warring ideals in one dark body, whose dogged strength alone keeps it from being torn asunder. A quick look at American history makes it easy to check where this split identity stems from because Du Bois claims that African Americans were always forced to see things through exsanguine eyes exactly and not have a vision of their own. In an effort to rephrase Du Bois comment above, the terminology of twoness is really him trying to define double consciousness as a few different things 1 the big businessman that white stereotypes have on African Americans lives and also having that internal conflict between labeling t hemselves as African and American simultaneously.2 it is a sense of aw arness of ones self along with the aw arness of how others may perceive one. This in turn leads to conforming based on train of tycoon, which is basically what occurred. PBS African American World Timeline (2004) says that there is a large history of not granting African Americans an identity. Before 1787, of course, African Americans were slaves and only thought of as property. In 1787 the U. S. Constitution was approved. It allowed for the continuation of the slave trade for another 20 years and claimed that a slave counted as three-fifths of a man for means by the government.In 1865 some progress was gained when the Thirteenth Amendment was passed, outlawing slavery and creating a Freedmens Bureau to help out former slaves. Also in 1865 coalescency General, William Sherman trendd a field order setting up 40-acre plots of land in Georgia, South Carolina, and Florida for African Americans to settle. But, in 1866, some all-white legislatures in the former Confederate states passed what were know as, Black Codes harshly cutting the freedom of African Americans and practically re-enslaving them.Since that time there has been some progression and also some difficulty for African Americans. base on the history of the United States treatment of African Americans, it is easy to understand how they could struggle for their true identity. James Jones (1991) might say it outdo when he states, Black personality is in part an adaptation to the political contours of racism. The conflict between the freedoms and refines of United States citizens is connected to the denial of freedom and rights that is the history of the African American strawman in this country.If we view personality as the resultant of coping pattern and socialization directives, then black personality is, in part, the cumulative representation of the effects of racism over four centuries. It reflects over time, the effects o f the form and structure racism takes, and comes to signal the nature of race relations at any saddle in time (p. 305). This would lead to accepting of the fact that African Americans do, of course, have an identity, but a lot of the time it is dependent on the identity of unobjectionable race at that time.Alain Locke (1925) explains the upward moving and upbeat side of African American identity In the last decade something beyond the watch and rubber of statistics has happened in the life of the American Negro and the three norms who have traditionally presided over the Negro problem have a changeling in their laps. The Sociologist, The Philanthropist, the Race-leader are not unaware of the New Negro but they are at a loss to account for him. He simply cannot be swathed in their formulae.For the younger generation is vibrant with a new psychology the new spirit is awake in the masses, and under the very eyes of the professional observers is transforming what has been a recurr ent problem into the progressive phases of contemporary Negro life. Could such a metamorphosis have taken place as suddenly as it has appeared to? The fare is no, not because the New Negro is not here, but because the Old Negro had long become more(prenominal) of a myth than a man. The Old Negro, we must remember, was a creature of moral debate and historical controversy.His has been a stock figure perpetuated as a historical fiction part in innocent sentimentalism, partly in deliberate reactions. The Negro himself has contributed his share to this through a sort of protective social mimicry forced upon him by the adverse circumstances of dependence. So for generations in the mind of America, the Negro has been more of a formula than a human being a something to be argued about, condemned or defended, to be kept down, or in his place, or helped up, to be worried with or worried over, harassed or patronized, a social bogey or a social burden.The mentation Negro even has been indu ced to share this same general attitude, to focus his attention on controversial issues, to see himself, in the distorted perspective of a social problem. His shadow, so to speak, has been more real to him than his personality. Through having had to appeal from the unjust stereotypes of his oppressors and Traducers to those of his liberators, friends and benefactors he has subscribed to the traditional positions from which his case has been viewed.Little true social or self- spirit has or could come from such a situation Until recently, lacking self-understanding, we have been almost as much of a problem to ourselves as we still are to others. But the decade that found us with a problem has left us with only a task. The multitude perhaps feels as yet only a strange relief and a new vague urge, but the thinking few know that in the reaction the vital inner traveling bag of prejudice has been broken. It does not follow that if the Negro were better known he would be better liked or b etter treated.But mutual understanding is basic for any subsequent cooperation and adjustment. The effort toward this will at least have the effect of remedying in large part what has been the most unsatisfactory own of our present stage of race relationships in America, namely the fact that the more intelligent and representative elements of the two race groups have at so many points got quite out of vital touch with one another (p. 631). Even in the premier times of African American identity there were still questions to be answered.Now those questions lead to progressive thinking like Lockes, middle of the road thinking and extremist thinking. An example of the term middle-of-the-road thinking can be seen in a post by Malcolm Frierson (2004) to a discussion board using the topic of what label to give African Americans. He says It is the right of the individual to be self-defining. Black is a color, not a term for a race of people in this millennium. The word was made beautiful and operose in the 60s and beyond for obvious reasons. That effort was admirable and effective, but now fairly done.It is time to move forward. The term African American linguistically puts the race on more comfortable ground. It doesnt seem right or fair to look at four men and call one Italian, one Native American, one Chinese, and the other black. Whites dont seem to have this concern obviously because they sit at the top of this name issue. The whole agreement was constructed to glorify the whites (the imperialists) and belittle the blacks (the subjects). Also, many whites and blacks together, beg for an end to this issue because they claim, were all Americans. But if we are actually honest with each other, nobody bit in contemporary American society, when asked for their race or ethnicity, will never be able to simply label them self as simply American. There will always have to be a distinguishing label put upon everyone. Why is it that blacks have to go through this la beling issue more than any other American subgroup? Asian Americans, Italian Americans, and Filipino Americans often become Asians, Italians, and simply Filipino without ridicule or persecution (Asians further become Chinese, Japanese, Taiwanese, and others).A possible answer to this would be that we all identify with our most dominant ancestral line or native country German, Spanish, Portuguese, Jamaican, what have you. It should come before the understood American part. But again, we should respect an individuals rights to be self-defining. One black problem could be that a lot of people really havent been to Africa and are in a sense kind of ashamed about or tend to disregard that fact by chance feeling a sense of ignorance in that area.The term African should be proudly used along with the term American just as other foreign groups use their places of simple eye along with their American status. Unfortunately this viewpoint is just a common middle-ground between the two poles . The other pole is a belief best support by the All African Peoples Revolutionary Party. They say, African People born and living in over 113 countries around the world are one group of people, with one identity, one history, one culture, one nation and one destiny. We have one common enemy. We suffer from disunity, disorganization and ideological confusion.And we have only one scientific and correct solution, Pan-Africanism the total liberation and unification of Africa under scientific socialism. They feel that African people that have been born or are living outside of Africa are intentionally kept from the knowledge of Africa and her achievements through European capitalism. They also feel that people inside of Africa are tricked into living in separate countries because of the divide and rule tactic used by Europeans which basically means it forces large concentrations of power (people) into smaller units of power to constrain them from gaining more power as the larger unit.I t is this pole that receives the most voice in the media and also probably this pole which leads to the bias media outlets against African Americans. Perhaps the earliest example of media bias against African Americans, whether intentional or not, came from 19th Century naturalists that divided mankind into Caucasians, Mongolians, Malayans, Ethiopians and (native) American races. The Caucasians were defined as wise, the Mongolians crafty, and the Ethiopians/negro unintelligent. This bias is blunt and disrespectful, but possibly not hateful in intent back in the day.Today our media comes from less than ten gigantic media conglomerates in the United States. Salim Muwakkil (1999) mentions that, Virtually all of our information, our cultural narratives, and our global images derive from institutions whose major goal is to pay handsome dividends to stockholders (p. 2). Which in other words the media doesnt really care what they say even if it sounds hateful. If it sells and gets public ity, its a hit. He also points out that black-owned media operations are becoming increasingly rare as much larger corporations continue to buy out more places and more property.Muwakkils fear is that the mainstream will continue to alter the image of African Americans without challenge to the point that their anti-black tendencies will be encouraged and sustained. Muwakkil makes a very strong point when he states the Kerner Commissions findings The Kerner Commission (formally known as the National Advisory Commission on Civil Disorders), which was supercharged with finding the reasons for the long-hot-summer rebellions, had concluded that the United States was headed dangerously toward two societies, one black, and one white, separate and unequal. It blamed the urban unrest on persistent racial secretion and a historical legacy of disadvantage, but it also singled out the nations news media for censure. The media treated African Americans as invisible, the commission concluded, a nd failed to communicate to white audiences a feeling for the difficulties and frustrations of being a Negro in the United States (p. 1). In the book, The Black Image in the White Mind Media and Race in America, Robert Entman and Andrew Rojecki (2000) point out some surprising statistics from studies done on American television.While Black actors are now more frequently appearing in films, its a debatable question as to how well theyre being represented. In the top movies of 1996 representation of African American Females and Caucasian females was drastically different where statistics from differences in using profanity, to physical violence were very often a difference of 70% or more between the 2 races with African Americans being in the higher percentage of the two for those certain areas. Television ads now show, hidden patterns of differentiation and distance pertaining to African Americans.Not surprisingly, for instance, Blacks do not touch Whites in the majority of televisi on ads, but as opposed to Whites, they rarely even touch each other, expressing a slight message presumptuous that Black skin would be taboo. A ranking of racial preference is implanted within the casting of commercials. Network news also tends to place a ghetto label or more urban image on African Americans. Increasingly, African Americans appear mostly in crime, sports and entertainment stories. Rarely are Blacks shown making an important contribution to the serious business of the nation.The exception of blacks rarely being shown in a positive fashion contributing to the nation would be death chair Obama, which will hopefully turn the stage for this image stereotype. Unfortunately however, that negative image is not the only blunt indication of a media stereotype. It is noticed by a lot of different people that African American athletes tend to receive a bad representation by the media, pointing out that when they get into any level of trouble, it is reported significantly more and also perceived in a much different way than when White athletes behave in the same manner or worse.It also is sometimes apparent that sportscasters tend to point out solely the athletic abilities of African American athletes in contrast to their inclination of an orbit to point out the intelligence and savvy of White athletes. It is a known stereotype for quarterbacks on football teams for example, people perceive this position to demand a much more mental capacity and take a much more conscious effort as opposed to other positions on the team. so the stereotype has often been viewed as teams primarily consisting of white quarterbacks.This tends to lead people to believe that black athletes achieve greatness by some coincidence or by simply their natural physical makeup instead of just assuming they are talented and hard working. There are several more examples of media bias against African Americans and there are far too many to speak on individually. Ultimately the point tha t is trying to be made is that there is a high level of publicity and strong case for media bias against African Americans.Any actor or famous person for that matter will almost always tell you that no publicity means bad publicity. It is logical then, to see the media (whether its biased or not) as a great dig for providing a voice to the African American community. It is also logical to say that a more biased media representation gives African Americans more publicity as Americans simply love bad press because dirt on other people sells, and the media has never cared about ones feelings if it means for them to make money.Ultimately, where I see this issue going from here has everything to do with President Obama. With the world-wide publicity he received for his changing of history for our country, I really feel this will open up many doors into the media for African Americans to have their voice, and create and defend a sense of identity that is much more positive than any other that has been labeled upon them.Obama is the best thing that has happened to African American media and just them as humans because he is what America needs to not only fix the economic and other issues in this country but most importantly bring the people of different colors together even closer than ever before to becoming one country where everyone is separate in color, but equal in representation and voice. Works Cited Du Bois, W. E. B. The Souls of Black Folk. Chicago A. C. McClurg & Co. CambridgeUniversity Press John Wilson and Son, Cambridge, U. S. A., 1903Bartleby. com,1999. P. 68. Entman, R. M. and Andrew R.. (2000). The Black Image in the White Mind Media andRace in America. University of Chicago Press. Frierson, M. (2004) Black, black, or African American? Feedback Poynter OnlineRetrieved May 10, 2009 from http//www. poynter. org/article_feedback/article_feedback_list. asp? id=51320 Fudjud, D. (2003) Black, black, or African American? Feedback Poynter OnlineRetrieved Ma y 11, 2009 fromhttp//www. poynter. org/article_feedback/article_feedback_list. asp? id=51320 Jones, J. (1991).The government activity of Personality Being Black in America. In ReginaldJones (ed. ) Black Psychology 3rd Edition, 305-318. Locke, A. (1925) Enter the New Negro. A hypermedia edition of the March 1925 SurveyGraphic Harlem recite Retrieved May 12, 2009 fromhttp//etext. lib. virginia. edu/harlem/LocEnteF. html Muwakkil, S. (1999). Corporate Media, Alternative Press, and African Americans Media Alliance, Retrieved May 11, 2009 fromhttp//mediaalliance2. live. radicaldesigns. org/article. php? id=535 PBS. (2002) African American World Timeline.Retrieved May 11, 2009 fromhttp//www. pbs. org/wnet/aaworld/timeline/early_01. html U. S. Census Bureau (2001) Overview of Race and Hispanic Origin. Census 2000Website Retrieved May 11, 2009 from http//factfinder. census. gov/servlet/ThematicMapFramesetServlet? _bm=y&-geo_id=01000US&-tm_name=ACS_2007_3YR_G00_M00628&-ds_name=ACS_2007_3Y R_G00_&-_MapEvent=displayBy&-_dBy=040. Woods, K. M. (1995) An Essay on a Wickedly Powerful Word Poynter Online RetrievedMay 11, 2009 from http//www. poynter. org/content/content_view. asp? id=5603.

Changes in Technology Essay

The many changes in technology over the years greatly impacted the development of former(a) humans societies. Agriculture, religion, and disputation between groups be just a few of the many things that were greatly impacted by the changes in technology. New inventions and ways of thinking of things make a huge difference in the world. There have been many changes in technology through out the years and in the development of early human societies.There were many changes during and after the classical age when it comes to agriculture. The invention of crop rotation and irrigation helped a lot in agriculture. They do farming a great deal quicker and easier. Jethro Tulls inventions of the seed drill and horseshoe also helped speed up the farming process. The seed drill made position easier by planting seeds deep in the ground so they arent washed away. Horseshoes allowed horses to plow much quicker than before, which increased productivity. The increase of farming also made life a lot easier by allowing for less nomadic living due to the crops being so close to home. These inventions, as well as having much food from farming, are the reason for agriculture being as technologically advanced as it is today.Like agriculture, religion was also hugely impacted. Religion has evermore been very important in human societies. In the early years, religions such as Christianity and Buddhism introduced the idea of mutual intolerance. Mutual intolerance was the acceptance of disagreeing with another religion. Islam, Buddhism, and Christianity are just a few examples of the religions in this time.Things such as improvements in tools and weapons changed competition between groups. As time went on, there were more and more developments when it came to agriculture, engineering, and tools. The tools fitting more advanced led to the ideas of better weapons. Because weapons and tools kept improving, they began to be used to obtain power more regularly. In turn, groups like t he Aztecs, Toltec, Mayans, and Oaxaca began fighting with these weapons in competition between groups.These examples of change in agriculture, religion, and competition between groups show that technology greatly impacted the development of early human societies. Whether it was because of inventions or different perspectives on things, these societies were obviously greatly impacted. With this information, it is clear that there have been many changes in technology through out the years and in the development of early human societies.

Pan Europa Essay

BackgroundPan Europa Foods is association, located in Brussels, Belgium, producing high-quality ice cream, yogurts, bottled water and fruit juices. Its products ar sold throughout Scandinavia, Britain, Belgium, the Netherlands, Luxemburg, western Germany and northern France. In January 1993, the senior-management committee of Pan-Europa Foods must decide which major stomachs to fund for that year. The available funds for implementation is set as 80 million euros. However various managers, have proposed get winds totalling 208 million euro. Capital rationing has been identified as the main problem that the management of the guild has to bus with. The management has to identify projects that would best achieve benefits of strategic importance. Problem statementAccording to case there is no evidence that projects would be proposed with some coincidence to any strategy, mission or vision. in that respect argon only few criteria defined that projects should apply to, like Minimum Payback period, expected IRR, etc. there is no strictly defined project selection methodology in place. The project selection is based on the discussions and voting by the seven managing directors. The monetary tests were the manufactureback period and internal rate of return, which meant that the time value of money was ignored. AnalysisThe current funding for Pan Europa is mainly rooted in debt pay debt-to-equity ratio is 125%, that is more higher than most of they peers have. After price war is over, Pan Europa bankers strongly recommended to reduce debt level significantly. Therefore company should pay attention on actions how to decrease capital spending. There might be some(prenominal) finance based methods for project evaluation in place, like NPV, annuity (due to project characteristics), IRR, etc. And the results for evaluation might differ significantly. Like, if we are looking for long term activities, then, using annuity calculation we will find that favourite(a) project would be the Strategic Acquisition. Projects sorted by this figure would be Strategic AcquisitionEastward ExpansionSnack FoodsSouthwardExpansion roll Control SystemArtificial SweetenersNew Plant ExpandedPlant AutomationConveyor System ExpandTruck Fleet Effluent interference Program (which has no NPV) While the Effluent Treatment Program has no formal NPV it can be considered an investment of 4M now to save a embody of 10M in 4 years. In fact, there are many aspects that could invalidate the simple NPV analysis of the projects. They include Risk Political considerations Regulatory issues including health, safety and environmental Incompatibility with corporate strategy Resource availability Strictly speaking there are no must to do projects on the desk. Water treatment project (Effluent Treatment) is upcoming in nearest future. But right now there is no evidence that this project has to be started right now. The new code might come in 4 years, but might be postponed as well. Of course this project shouldnt be forgotten. All existing project might be split in a avocation sections Increase efficiencyExtension (either new plant building or new mart capturing) R&DRegarding risk assessment, Projects that involve small technology changes like expanding the truck fleet would have low risk. Increasing levels of technological sophistication such(prenominal) as automation or introducing artificial sweeteners into products would also increase implementation risks. From financial perspective as the risk area we should consider that any producer in a capitalist environment is attempting to increase markets with new products in new areas. The prospective customers may simply choose to not buy the product. There are many risks regarding project implementation itself, like project size, complexity and length of the period of return, etc. Meanwhile tangible risks, there are several aspects, like correlation between several projects.For instance market expansions will come together with necessity to increase ability to deliver goods to consumers location (most probably truck fleet upgrade will be required). All projects mentioned in case are evaluated against financial figures, but besidesfinancial aspects, there are several non-quantitative points included. Projects that impact the companys regulator compliance such as effluent treatment (environment) and warehouse automation safety. Several of the projects could impact the companys image. For example, the focus on low fat products (artificial sweetener project) might increase companies reputation. Prospective Project evaluation should be done based on several factors. One of the most important points is financial benefits evaluation. There might be following characteristics taken in account for evaluation Does the project fits in corporate strategy?Expected cost level, does it exceeds Tolerable Cost Value.Maximum payback period analysis.IRR evaluation, does the project meet minimum IRR?R isk analysis does the project incur high risk?Financial characteristics were chosen due to significant information presence in case. Besides financial aspects several other might be taken in consideration, for instance social factors (staff treatment), then company would focusses more on projects improving environment for labor force. Applying screens and criteria mentioned above and strictly following companies internal rules, the following projects would be eliminated outright Truck Fleet upgrade because it does not meet the minimum IRR and exceeds the maximum payback period dictated by company policy. New Plant, Plant Expansion, Artificial Sweetener and Plant Automation all because they exceed the maximum payback period dictated by company policy. Strategic Acquisition would be eliminated due to excessive risk.

Partisan election Essay

The inquiry of Lawrence Baum deals with the relationship between the quantity of information that electors possess and their plane sectiony voting conduct in partisan pick. The paper aims to secern whether there is either a strong or a weak relationship between voters and the knowledge on the candidates of parties involve in the election. The paper explored the relationship in non-partisan elections contested by candidates from opposing parties.Past studies regarding this relationship has produced mixed and confusing empirical results that motivated the source to conduct his own study to only explore and analyze the topic. (Baum, 1987) In political attainment, the structure and attend tos of regime in a ships company ar greatly scrutinized and evaluated. This is not meant just to enrich knowledge, but kinda to provide society with enough critical evaluations on how they should treat and consider regime in their life.The out is crucial as it involves the practice of vot ing which is considered as one of the freedom people living in a democratic is entitled to. Thus, the study is relevant in cultivating the understanding in political science which concerns the nature of politics in society and society itself. Through the effort of the author to bring high spirits into the topic, he analyzed a survey done on two contestants in the 1984 election for Ohio supreme Court and compared it with the presidential election also during that year.The findings of the study show that despite the highly partisan campaign, part defections by voters were farther more common in Supreme Court races than in the presidential race. (Baum, 1987) This reflects the enormousness of party affiliations of the candidates as the voters source of information about the candidates, which will definitely moderate their choice during the elections. Another notable finding of the paper is that different take aims of voters information, at the individual level, has differing effe cts in two supreme court races for the Democratic and Republican voters.Through this finding, the author suggests that the impact of the information levels on the voters choice is a reflection by the information contained in the candidates campaigns. (Baum, 1987) But the author failed to mention the correlation between voters information about the parties involved in the elections and the result of the elections. What I sight in the inquiryed was that it also failed to show the true relationship that undermines the effect of information on the voters choice, and whether the popularity of a particular party makes the difference in casting an individual vote.The author notes that the research findings should be critically evaluated and interpreted establish on two respects first is that the individual level findings was ground to what is believed to be only moderate good surrogates of voters information thus not implying a concrete viable measure of the information itself, and the second being that the Ohio Supreme Court race is far different from the typical nonpartisan races in the country. (Baum, 1987)The abstract of the research had only contributed by attesting to the logic make by previous research, agreeing or disagreeing to some of the conclusions past research had made and was not able to discern the concrete findings to which we can understand better what the relationship of information on the parties to the candidates, and also in the termination of the elections. The author admits that the study was not able to settle the issue, rather have suggested only the relationship that is based on a complex and highly conditional situation.With that, the research has contributed only a partial score and findings that what was expected from it. Although the study answered the research question directly, it failed to deliver the aspects which concerns to the findings. The paper evaluated the problem by analyzing the issues that surrounds the partisan ele ction during the 1984 Ohio Supreme Court elections. The author analyzed the individual level survey done by Ohio introduce University Department of Political Science.The telephone interviews of 500 adults in Ohio were done through questions that relate voters information of the parties and their choices of the candidates. The research method through the survey was not able to reach the individual level of panorama of the interviewees, but as the author states, provided logical background on the perception of the voters. This in vacate was proven by the author as a means that moderately touched the individual perspective and does not reflect the core of the relationship between information of the party and voters choice.The research only relied on second hand information provided by only one notable institution. devoted the exploration of the research aspect in political science, I deem that this method used by Baum was not enough and sufficient to analyze the said complexities o f the relationship between party information and voters choice. But the author should be credited for his thorough discussion of the issues surrounding his research method. In this way, he was able to prove that the complexity of the subject must be dealt with an on-going process of research and analysis rather than claiming that he has the answer.As mentioned earlier, political science is a pursuit to understand the complexities of politics and its function in the society. It is an undergoing process to accumulate much and further enrichment of knowledge based on the realm of politics and our everyday living. It is substantial after all, the author had concluded significantly that the relationship is there, although the complexities and challenges in resolving the issues are evident. The research was intended to explore the issue, not just give the answer to the problem right away.The research was able to do this effectively and the author is humble and honest enough to relate all the things that should be rethought, re-evaluated and analyzed by the reader. One of the roles political science has is to inform and educate society of the complexities of politics, and how the function of politics in society will affect the way they live, think and behave. The research accomplished the goal of educating and exploring further the realm of politics which is known in the society.But further challenging the generation of political scientist, observant, and the society in general to further study the matter and contribute to the increasing knowledge in the cranial orbit of political science. To this, people are learned, cultured, and are equipped with the knowledge on how to view politics in society so they can make informed and wise choices. Reference Baum, L. (1987). Information and Party select in Semipartisan Judicial Elections. Poltical Behavior, 9(1), 62-74.

Educational Coaches Essay

Educational or instructional coaches as well as called master t distributivelyers in elementary and secondary education ar facilitators who train other teachers to improve instructional practices and generate higher levels of bookman acquirement (Buly et al, 2004). Specifically, they are trained to serve as support for civilises and regulates experiencing securities industry failure i. e. , that energise large numbers of disciples unable to meet e express and federal achievement standards (Buly et al, 2004).This text file is written as an outline to provide qualitative and quantitative evidence (in economic and real terms) that justifies educational managers (elementary, middle and high take principals, superintendents and school add-in members) utilizing educational/instructional coaches to achieve the undermentioned goals (1) meliorate sum of money output by dint of schools and districts overall level of student achievement on separate- and/or federally-mandated testing, and (2) ameliorate micro-level behavior through resource allocation, individual classroom management, implementation of learning strategies and instruction of subject matter.The following is a summary of the main points of this document Discussion of what educational/instructional coaches are and their estimated microeconomic continue on students and teachers performances Discussion of district and schools economic costs and factors including fiscal policy, funding sources, overall output and the encounter of budgetary decisions such(prenominal) as hiring educational/instructional coaches An econometric case study regression outline of schools in Duval County earth Schools in Jacksonville, Florida that utilize educational/instructional coachesDefinition The field of education, unlike rough markets, is non perfectly competitive. Individual buyers (students) and sellers (teachers) do have the ability to significantly influence the cost and part of education. Conse quently, educators continuously strive to make the educational marketplace more than efficient and productive i. e. , they search for methods and tools that improve the process of and environment for learning and address the diverse and changing needs of teachers and students.Unfortunately, the field of education is strained by limits, and the equitable and efficient distribution of income (state and federal funding) and other resources (teachers) remains an issue that managers (educational administrators such as superintendents, school jump on members and principals) must address annually. In 1989, an educational organization called the National Center on Education and the Economy (NCEE) developed Americas Choice, a school design model found on high quality instructional materials, technical support and professional development for teachers (NCEE, 2009).Educational/instructional coaches are a central component of Americas Choice (NCEE, 2009). The goal of this paper is to watch out whether or not educational managers are making the most fiscally responsible decision when hiring educational/instructional coaches to meet district- and school-based needs. While educational/instructional coaches are an often-used solution in some school districts, managers have other substitute(a)s available to provide support to teachers and students in the classroom. These options utilize different methods of resource allocation. virtuoso alternative to classroom coaching is making capital improvements.An example of a capital improvement is upgrading a districts and/or schools technological infrastructure. This would involve purchasing reckoners and/or networks with more memory and larger capacities for data storage and manipulation, increasing the value and useful life of a districts or schools technological infrastructure. This could also involve purchasing software such as web-based educational tools for both students and teachers to use. some other option is addition al training for teachers through in-service workshops (training provided during the school day) or additional education courses (college and/or university level).A third alternative is realignment of the student-teacher ratio based on aggregate demand i. e. , the total demand (number of students) for goods (teachers/classes) and services (instruction) in the educational market (classroom). A fourth alternative is awarding financial bonuses to teachers with high or greatly improved student achievement rates. Educational/instructional Coaches Their Economic Costs and Factors When evaluating the benefits of using educational/instructional coaches, educational managers must ask themselves, What are the invoice and opportunity costs of this decision? In other words, managers need to determine expenses like salary, benefits, health insurance policy for the educational/instructional coaches they also must construct the benefits of other educational options. According to payscale. com, a global, online salary database, the average salary for K-12 public school teachers in the United States is $42,000 annually for a nine-month school socio-economic class (Payscale, Inc. , 2009). Educational coaches are often at the top tier for teachers salaries and make on average $52,000 each year (Payscale, Inc. , 2009).Thus, the opportunity cost of hiring an educational coach at a school is, on average, $52,000 annually. An educational manager have an additional $52,000 (plus the cost of insurance and benefits) within his/her budget to invest in computer hardware, software, training for existing teachers, or actually hiring a new teacher (thereby reducing the teacher/student ratio). If a school principal hired more than one educational coach many schools have one for e very major academic discipline the costs would be even greater. Across a school district, the aggregate costs would be much larger.For example, Duval County Public Schools is a school district in Jacksonville, Florida, has 160 schools, and uses Americas Choice, employing educational coaches at all 160 schools (Duval County Public Schools, 2009). At the very least, Duval County Public Schools accounting cost for hiring 160 educational coaches would be (on average) approximately 8. 32 million dollars annually, not including benefits and insurance. While educational managers must consider costs, they must also contend with economic factors. There are a wide range of economic factors that affect educational managers ability to hire educational coaches. several(prenominal) of the most important are federal and state government policies, school district management, taxation, and student achievement levels. Before educational managers can make hiring decisions, school districts must meet state and federal cheers through accreditation (Duval County Public Schools, 2009). Accreditation is the process by which an official body gives authority to something when recognized standards are met (Lindber g, Ed. , 2004, p. 8). The governing body body for public schools in the southern part of the United States is the Southern Association for Colleges and Schools (SACS).In October 2008, SACS awarded Duval County Public Schools full accreditation, which indicates the district complied with meeting state and federal standards for student achievement (Duval County Public Schools, 2009). Schools must be accredited to hire new staff. Thus, the accreditation process was necessary before educational managers could hire educational coaches. Another factor bear upon the hiring process is district management. Before principals can finalize hiring any new educators, including educational coaches, the new hires must be approved by the school board (Duval County Public Schools, 2009).The school board is a local authority responsible for the provision and maintenance of schools (Lindberg, Ed. , 2004, p. 1220). In Duval County Public Schools, for example, the school board must vote on whether or n ot they approve principals hiring educational coaches. Another factor affecting the hiring of educational coaches is funding. Funding for school districts is a fiscal policy issue and comes from a combination of local, state and federal sources (Howell & Miller, 1997). Local funding is generally financed by property taxes (Howell & Miller, 1997). State financing is generally through sales taxation (Howell & Miller, 1997).Both local and state taxation are affected by state policy decisions and voting decisions of the population (Howell & Miller, 1997). For example, a governor may issue a proposition to overturn property taxes across a state. If the population votes to accept the tax reduction, the funds available to make hiring decisions are reduced. While federal monies are financed through national income tax, these come to schools and schools districts via an assortment of federally mandated programs, often for at-risk student populations (U. S. division of Education, 2007).For example, No Child Left Behind (NCLB) is the most recent federal education legislation. Enacted in 2001, NCLB is an initiative of former U. S. President George W. Bush and it authorizes the distribution of educational grants for low-income students, textbooks, professional development for educators and more (U. S. Department of Education, 2007). Often a schools student population determines how much and if that school can flummox federal funding (U. S. Department of Education, 2007) Thus, government policy decisions at the local, state and federal levels affect educational managers decisions to hire educational coaches.A final factor that determines whether or not educational managers hire educational coaches is actual student achievement. If a school has a significant number of students not meeting state and federal achievement standards, educational managers seek solutions through options like educational coaches. For example, in Duval County Public Schools, William M. Raines hig her(prenominal) School has a student population characterized by low-incomes and low test scores (Duval County Public Schools, 2009). The school district also contains Stanton High School, rated