Thursday, May 14, 2020
Argumentative Essay Mock Accident - 1593 Words
Justin Jones Mock accident Comp 1 10-30-2017 Mock Accident Do you know how many teens drink and drive and how many of them die. Lets focus on how many teens that drink underage. Since 1991 there were more teens drinking at that time then there was in 2005 yes there ain t as many teens that drink. 85% of the teens that do drink and drive have had more than one drink they have had up to five drinks. Teens that think they can drive after just having a beer or two are wrong, first of all you shouldn t drive if you had anything to drink at all. If you do have a drink you should call your parents if you are still living there with them and then hide the keys so you can t leave and go driving around while you are drinking. The teens thatâ⬠¦show more contentâ⬠¦Once you hit 12th grade there is a 7% increase in the kids that have had 5 or more drinks. Lets try and prevent underage drinking. There are many ways we can do this one is by raising the price of alcohol. The only thing i see with this is the kids bumming money off their parents so they can have someone buy them alcohol. The second one is increasing the minimum legal drinking law but to be honest i don t think that will work the minimum age already is 21 and there are still teens drinking. So i really don t think that will work at all. The one i really think that will work is more school based prevention programs showing what could happen to them if they drink and drive. Like a mock accident or having someone come in and tell a life story and have it be really emotional not a boring presentation make the kids feel the pain that you went though. Take this time and think about how many people drink. Kids that see their parents drink there going to drink. The percentage of the whites that drink is 26% that means there kids would be the ones that drink more than the asian americans. The asian americans 13.5% of them that drink in the U.S. i really think what they re doing is what the rest of the world should do and together we could bring down the percentage down a lot. One thing we should do if you want to drink don t do itShow MoreRelatedHamlet; Tragic Hero3618 Words à |à 15 Pagesà Argumentative/Persuasive Essay à à à à à à Hamlet; The Tragic Hero à à à à à à à In many plays there is always one person that is the tragic hero. They always possess some type of tragic flaw that in turn leads to their tragic deaths. In the Shakespearean play HamletRead MoreProject Managment Case Studies214937 Words à |à 860 PagesGeneral Electric Company United Kingdom (GEC) Avionics Smiths Industries United Kingdom Program pattners Source: James Woolsey,777, Boeing s New Large Twinjet: Air Transport World (April 1994), p. 24. A Family of Planes 91 full scale mock-up of the 777 engine and showed Pratt and Whimey engineers gaps in the design, hard-to-reach points, visible but inaccessible parts, and accessible but invisible components. At the initial conference, Pratt and Whitney picked up 150 airline suggestionsRead MoreIgbo Dictionary129408 Words à |à 518 Pagesillustrated the meaning and use of words; the great majority of the examples are due to him. Their merit is that they are not translations from English, but natural Igbo sentences elicited only by the stimulus of the word they illustrate. The short essays which appear from time to time (e.g. under otà ¹tà ¹, à ²Ã¯â¬ ¤gbanÃâje) on aspects of culture are also his work, as are the sketches which served as basis for the illustrations, a large number of new words, and various features of the arrangement. When he hadRead MoreStephen P. Robbins Timothy A. Judge (2011) Organizational Behaviour 15th Edition New Jersey: Prentice Hall393164 Words à |à 1573 Pagesbache lorââ¬â¢s degree. His salary is $27,000 per year. His wife is an attorney and earns approximately $50,000 per year. Lu is 26 years old and single with a masterââ¬â¢s degree in education. He is paralyzed and confined to a wheelchair as a result of an auto accident. He earns $32,000 per year. Maria is a single, 22-year-old woman born and raised in Mexico. She came to the United States only 3 months ago, and her English needs considerable improvement. She earns $20,000 per year. Mike is a 16-year-old high schoolRead MoreDeveloping Management Skills404131 Words à |à 1617 Pagesoverdose? 2. Is the doctor obligated by the same laws as everybody else? 3. Would people be better off without society regimenting their lives and even their deaths? 4. Should the doctor make the womanââ¬â¢s death from a drug overdose appear to be an accident? 5. Does the state have the right to force continued existence on those who donââ¬â¢t want to live? 6. What is the value of death prior to soc ietyââ¬â¢s perspective on personal values? 7. Should the doctor have sympathy for the womanââ¬â¢s suffering, or should
Wednesday, May 6, 2020
Cyber Bullying And The Modern Age Essay - 1268 Words
The Internet is a major part of the lives of children of this generation, yet most parents do not know exactly what their children do on the computer. As teenagers socially establish themselves within peer groups, and involve their parents less and less in their social lives, they are less likely to tell their parents what they are doing on the internet, or share internet conversations with their family. This allows cyber bullies to target victims without any repercussions. For the most part, cyber bullying is much like traditional forms of bullying, except for the fact that they take place online. It is generally viewed as a normative part of child development, and is done as a means of elevation oneââ¬â¢s own social position. As cyber bullying takes place among other forms of bullying in the modern age research is being done by scientists to learn more about the nature of these aggressive acts and how to best deal with this problem amongst youth. Definitions of cyber bullying differ among scholars. In a study of cyber bullying cyber bullying was described as, ââ¬Å"An aggressive, intentional act carried out by a group or individual, using electronic forms of contact, repeatedly and over time against a victim who cannot easily defend him or herself ââ¬Å" (Smith, et al., 2008). Other experts define cyber bullying as ââ¬Å"willful and repeated harm inflicted through the use of computers, cell phones, and other electronic devicesâ⬠(ââ¬Å"Cyberbullying Statistics, 2015). When they speak to students,Show MoreRelatedCyber Bullying And Its Effect On Society1536 Words à |à 7 PagesBullying has been an extreme issue all around the world for hundreds of years, and since modern technology has advanced, so has cyber bullying. ââ¬Å"ââ¬ËGimmeââ¬â¢ your lunch moneyâ⬠has turned into texting and posting gruesome threats and embarrassing material all over social media. Millions of kids all over the world have taken t heir own lives due to the harmful effects of cyber bullying. Problems that cannot be resolved independently are brought to court, and the government has become increasingly involvedRead MoreEfforts to Fight Cyber Bullying1182 Words à |à 5 Pagesthat we still can not being to understand. At the same time the modern day mouse also has been use applied in ways that mimic its treacherous definitional predecessors. The click of a mouse has cause youthful individuals to commit suicide and live lifestyles that are indulged in depression. Cyber bullying is a fairly new type of violence and this is why it is so hard to counter. One of the most prominent forms of counter-cyber bullying that the United States implements is through legislations, whichRead MoreCyberbullying And Its Effect On Society893 Words à |à 4 PagesThe advancements in modern technology pose a new challenge in todayââ¬â¢s society. It affects not only students, but adults and teachers alike in contesting what is commonly known as cyberbullying. Cyberbullying can be defined as the willful and repeated use of cellphones, computers, and other electronic communication devices to harass and threaten others. (McQuade, 2006) Because we live in a cyber society, nearly anyone can become a victim of cyber bullying. It is important to distinguish the differenceRead MoreFactors that Leads Teens to Commit Suicide741 Words à |à 3 Pagesdecision to take his or her own life. Adolescent suicide rates have no doubt risen over the past 50 years, but the question is, why? As our world continues to advance decade by decade, modern-day teenagers exper ience problems that are quite different than those faced by teens from previous generations. One distinct, modern influence of teenage suicide is social media. Naturally, most teenagers today own or have access to a smart phone, computer, or other device that can be used to connect to the internetRead MoreCyber Socializing Has Effects Essay1715 Words à |à 7 PagesMany of us know about cyber socializing, and have used some form of it. Whether itââ¬â¢s texting on a cell phone, chatting on Facebook, or sending e-mails, itââ¬â¢s become a part of everyday life. All of these types of modern technology not only make things easier to contact people, but it can go deeper than that and help you stay in touch with maybe a close relative who lives far away, or a friend who just moved away from home. But at the same time, all of these things need to be used carefully becauseRead MoreCyber-Bullying Today999 Words à |à 4 Pagesvarious amounts of tasks. With the new age of technology ma ny young adults have easier access to the web and social media than their past generations. ââ¬Å"Over 80 percent of teens use a cell phone regularly, making it the most popular form of technology and a common medium for cyber bullyingâ⬠(Cyberbullying Research Center, 2010). The World Wide Web and social media have opens up a black hole to psychological and emotional stress for some young adults. Cyber bullying is defined as a form of teen violenceRead MoreThe Eternal Effects of Cyber Bullying1196 Words à |à 5 PagesOnce upon a time the age of innocence in the adolescent years was filled with long walks by the pond, playing stickball, dress up, tea parties, rough housing with friends and the love of a favorite doll. Those days are true still today yet in most every ones childhood memory they have been subjected or their friends were at the mercy of the schoolyard bully. The aggressive kid that was determined to make at least one other schoolmates life miserable whether i t was muscle over might or sheer hostilityRead MoreThe Increasing Influence of Bullies1351 Words à |à 5 PagesBullying is the abuse of the difference in power between the bully and the victim. Bullying should not be written off as kids just being kids. It should not be excused as a part of growing up. Bullying also is not something that victims should be left to work out for themselves, because it can change the victim in long-term and devastating ways. It has become more problematic, and the methods of domination and exploration are much more varied and even more invisible to the watchful eye of protectiveRead MoreAn Analysis of Cyber-Bullying in a Multiethnic Sample Essays974 Words à |à 4 PagesThe advancements in modern technology poses a new challenge in todayââ¬â¢s youth, affecting not just students but adults and teachers alike in combating what is popularly known as cyber-bullying. Cyber-bullying emerged from the anonymity technology provides bullies, the victimsâ⠬⢠would receive repeated taunts, flames, in the form of emails, text messages, messages lefts on the victimsââ¬â¢ social networking sites up to exclusion from those media sites. Goebert, D., Else, I., Matsu, C., Chung-Do, J., andRead MoreCyberbullying: Are Social Networking Websites The Cause? Essay1320 Words à |à 6 PagesFacebook in one month. (Facebook) In todays day and age, social networking sites have taken over the internet. Sites such as MySpace, Facebook, Twitter, and Tumblr have linked people together in a way that was never thought possible. However, from all good comes bad, and from social networking sites the act of cyber bullying - bullying and harassing someone through the internet was born. Now, whether or not the websites are the cause of cyber bullying has become a rather controversial topic. Abraham
Tuesday, May 5, 2020
Architecture Manifesto Essay Example For Students
Architecture Manifesto Essay The length of architecture could be a little tiny piece of pencil to the entire broad Milky Way itââ¬â¢s upon us to explore the form of architecture that defines us. The term modern architecture is ambiguous. It can be understood to refer to all buildings of the modern period regardless of their ideological basis, or it can be understood more specifically as an architecture conscious of its own modernity and striving for change. Modern architecture is a category that usually complements buildings of the 20th and 21st century. It would include Bauhaus / International styles (sometimes used to describe Bauhaus architecture in United States) and also brutalism. Modernism was a reaction against eclecticism and the lavish stylistic excesses of the Art Deco, Art Nouveau and the Victorian ages. However, it is still a matter of taste. Even though Bauhaus, a German design school 3 (Operated from 1919-33 By founder Walter Gropius, then by Hans Mayer and Ludwig Mies der Van Rohe) which had profoundly influenced arts and architecture had been more concerned with social aspects of design; nonetheless, International style soon became a symbolism of Capitalism. To every (well, most of) architectural students or architects, living in the world of Le Corbusier would be like a trip to Narnia (whether you like it or not). Weââ¬â¢ve heard so much about him, his creation and his legacy. His works stand today, still looking as ââ¬Å"modernâ⬠as he intended to. Thus, proving that the concept of never be ââ¬Å"out of styleâ⬠in his modern buildings true. Whether do you agree with his theory or not, you have to give the man some credits, remembering that he had achieved all of what seems today as ââ¬Å"normalâ⬠in the first half of the 20th century and most of the buildings nowadays inevitably had some of his influences more or less. According to his manifesto, ââ¬Å"a house is the machine for livingâ⬠in the sense that should have been governed by calculations and ââ¬Å"standardsâ⬠. Le Corbusier was fascinated with the idea of ââ¬Å"mass productionâ⬠(remembering that this was in the early 20th century), factories fascinated him with their simple forms and pure functions as with automobiles which were mass produced and designed to fit a certain standard. To achieve the utmost perfection, there must be a certain standards which derives from various calculations and experiments, Le Corbusier believes that all humans have a certain standards and are physically the same, he went further to the point of ââ¬Å"objectifyingâ⬠his name from ââ¬Å"Charles-Edouard Jeanneretâ⬠to Le Corbusier, ââ¬Å"Leâ⬠means ââ¬Å"theâ⬠. The reason that his buildings are all so minimal is because he believed in the true pure primary forms, which he believed that ââ¬Å"they can be clearly appreciatedâ⬠. Gothic buildings, are not true architecture, ââ¬Å"the styles are a lieâ⬠. Nevertheless, architectures from the past that he did admire were the pyramids, Pont du Gard and also the Parthenon all of which he stated, to have been derived from some standards and precise calculations. Thus, it almost all of his buildings, the simple pure geometrical forms became the most recognizable feature of his architecture as eventually what we recognize in most modern building nowadays. Playtime A Film by Jacques Tati Besides from moving to a little town in Northern India called ââ¬Å"Chandigarghâ⬠where his ââ¬Å"Radiant cityâ⬠had been made into reality, a film by Jacques Tati, ââ¬Å"Playtimeâ⬠offer you quite a good idea of what would it be like if his creation and principles were made into reality. The film displays the struggle of an out-of-town man hoping to meet up with a man in Le Corbusierââ¬â¢s version of Paris. Here, the directorââ¬â¢s point of view towards Corbusier was clear, that it would be a blunt, grey, boring society where everything, everywhere and everyone would sort of look the same. The modern standards and mass-produced society would erases identity to the point that we only recognize itââ¬â¢s Paris by the old French lady selling flowers at the street corner. I personally admired Le Corbusier who came up with all of these things that today, seems ordinary. We have to admit that without some of his theory, the world would be different today. However I think that the radiant city is a bit too far, hence, I agree to Tatiââ¬â¢s viewpoint presented on the film. At first glance, it looks aesthetically pleasing with everything in order, nice modern high rises and the glass and steel structure but as we watched the film, I started to feel the coldness, lack of warmth in the society, in the environment. It leads to the point of becoming a bit haunting, when Hawaii, New York and London would practically look the same and we couldnââ¬â¢t distinguish the nationalities of people without hearing them speak various languages. Steven Holl - Ideas on Architecture EssayThe key to achieve these almost impossible forms is the use of the computer program to generate formulas and calculate to the exact pieces that will, when constructed together, create that free form, flowing buildings. Thus, this represent a contradiction, the forms of Zahaââ¬â¢s buildings might seems flowing and free, because it was all about the differences in each building that in a whole, flow together in harmony, just like the society that made up of differences but as a whole operates as one. Yet, when it comes to the way her buildings are to be built, in involved one of the most complicated, precise and laborious process as each piece of her buildings are unique and different, meaning that if one piece doesnââ¬â¢t exactly followed that pattern, in other word, if that piece does not come as perfect as planned, the whole system will fail and a building will not be complete. To just give you a better idea of how notoriously laborious the creation of Zahaââ¬â¢s buildings are, once an engineer has to make 7000 sections of a particular building in the order to understand the structure because it is indeed, different at 7000 points of the building. Master Plan of Singapore I appreciated her contribution to the architectural world; she has really brought the parametric into the light, and made it quite well known. I like the flow and the free form of her buildings since it has never been done in the past before, However, I felt that the complexity involved in the creation of her buildings works against her as it sparks the question; Do we really need to do this after all? Since her curves and free forms does not contributes to the main functions of the building after all, do we really need to go through all of this troubles in the order to get the aesthetics and the meaning of the building just right? Perhaps, good architecture is not only about inventive, exciting forms but also more importantly, the experience of the building and how it uses specific context of the site, the environment and the habitants to create an ââ¬Å"experienceâ⬠. Nevertheless, like I said before, it is non-arguable that Zaha has become such an influential part of todayââ¬â¢s architecture and thus, deserves all of the credits she received. Then came along architects like Saarinen, who dares to break through the straight lines and play with curves successfully, what is particularly interesting is that these curves are not random, they are a part of the concept, they do have a purpose, theyââ¬â¢re not for ornamentation. Then thereââ¬â¢re also Louis Kahn, whose architecture used the past as inspiration not abandoned it, Iââ¬â¢ve found his concept to be inspiring as a person who is also fascinated with history. I like how his building does not only occupy people nor that itââ¬â¢s a machine, for example, the National Assembly Building in Dhaka, Bangladesh, which fully reflected on the Bangladesh identity, I feel that a good building should does that, it needs to care, about the context, about the occupants. Another one of my favorite, Alvar Aalto, I liked how he purposely captured the Finnish spirit in his work, how he uses local material in the order to goves out a cultural ambience which build a connection between his architecture and occupants. Thus these elements does have meanings, they do exhibits a sort of function like the ripple ceiling in the Viipuri Library, which were there for acoustic but also became a dominant aesthetical features and ultimately, the identity of the architecture as well. Iââ¬â¢ll admit that I do prefer this new style that the international style as I feel that it requires more creativity, more exploration and the outcome is much wider in terms of concepts and of course, the aesthetics. Iââ¬â¢ve mention before that besides from the ââ¬Å"white godsâ⬠, those that claimed themselves modernist were basically conforming, copying from the BOOK, I think that architecture is about inventing, always creating a better way, learn from the old to improve the new. I admired these people to dare break the restriction of the modern architecture, dare to invites curves back into architecture, to me, that shows the ability of a great architect; the ability to always think of the future without abandoning the past. Bibliography: Joedicke, Jurgen. A History of Modern Architecture. London, 1963. Print. Philip Jodidio. 100 Contemporary Architects, 2 Vol. London: Taschen, 2013. Print. Playtime Movie
Tuesday, April 7, 2020
Weaving Data Into Texts The Value of Semantic Annotation
Weaving Data Into Texts: The Value of Semantic Annotation Semantic Annotation is about weaving data into textual sources. In semantically annotated texts, certain words (denoting things, people, locations, organizations, etc.) are linked to data that is, to context and references that can be processed by an algorithm.The Major Why of Semantic AnnotationThe goal of semantic annotation is better information retrieval and smarter knowledge management. Click To TweetIn particular, this translates into technologies that help content creators and consumers to retrieve information faster and manage knowledge easier. Semantic search, content aggregation, and automated relationships discovery are among the most common applications, enabled by Semantic Annotation.With data woven into texts, the ââ¬Å"new readersâ⬠(meet them in the next paragraph) are able to interpret, combine, and use content in an automated way thus facilitating the way we navigate, find, collect and analyze information. Meet the New ReadersInitially it [reading] was the simple faculty of extracting visual information from any encoded system and comprehending the respective meaning. Later it came to signify almost exclusively the comprehending of a continuous text of written signs on an inscribed surface. More recently it has included the extracting of encoded information from an electronic screen. And readingââ¬â¢s definition will doubtless continue to expand in future for, as with any faculty, it is also a measure of humanityââ¬â¢s own advancement.Steven R. Fischer, A History of ReadingThe definition of reading does expand every single day, following our growing need to manage more and more textual sources. So does the profile of the reader. Reading, in its very basic form (extracting information from any encoded system and comprehending meaning), is not a human-only territory anymore.Take the reading on the Web, for example. According to a recent report, although humans are the ones responsi ble for 51.5% of the traffic on the web, a significant 48.5% of all online traffic is attributed to bots. Assisting with automated tasks, machines are everywhere, not only on the web, collecting data but also across corporate intranets.Come to think of it, in an ocean of digital content, reading and understanding heavily depend on using the right tools for handling texts. Tools that allow efficient research, quick information retrieval and facts discovery, gathering and managing information.Activities are unthinkable without the help of software agents. These agents have huge processing powers to navigate, process and manage huge volumes of content on our behalf, provided we show them around our content and help them make sense of it. For that to happen, we need to enrich texts with information presented in the formal language the new readers understand that is, in the language of data. Digital Marginalia: Showing the New Readers Around Our Textual SourcesA gloss (from Latin: glossa, from Greek: à ³Ã »Ã¡ ¿ ¶ÃÆ'ÃÆ'à ± glà ³ssa language) is a brief notation, especially a marginal one or an interlinear one, of the meaning of a word or wording in a text. It may be in the language of the text, or in the readers language if that is different.To get the benefit of understanding Semantic Annotation without the burden of the complexity it involves, it will help to view it as digital marginalia.Marginalia, the medieval side notes, have served understanding for ages and have been an invaluable source of additional information to the reader. Just like Semantic Annotations are today, in our digital-everything age. à Only that todays readers are not only human.It is through Semantic Annotations that we can leave notes for smart agents to process and further assist us in managing our digital content. Written in the machine-interpretable formal language of data, these notes will serve computers to classify, link, search through and filter texts and data, associated with them. Meaning is in the Algorithms of the Reader (A Side Note for Human Readers)When it comes to machine-readable texts, it is important to bear in mind that ââ¬Å"understandingâ⬠, as of today, is still confined to and only possible within a limited, pre-defined context. Semantic Annotations help machines ââ¬Å"to readâ⬠in the very basic sense of the word that is, in the sense of deciphering strings of symbols. Nothing more, nothing less a computerââ¬â¢s understanding is inseparable from the information and the formal knowledge they were fed with.Much to learn you still have.From Quotes of Yoda, Star Wars: Episode V The Empire Strikes Back (1980) Algorithms do have a hard time understanding (encompassing and decoding) the richness and granular expressivity with which we describe the world. à And while the expressiveness of the language of data (that is the depths of the concepts and ideas represented and communicated with it) is growing bigger, we still have a long way to go till we stop sounding to our machines like Yoda does.The good news is that in certain areas, Semantic Annotations do help machine-understanding. They are invaluable when it comes to bringing the significant automated analytical power of machines to help us navigate the ocean of digital content.Why Would an Enterprise Care About The New Readers and Semantic Annotations?Interlinking texts with data is already widely used in fields where knowledge is formally described and explicitly recorded. Semantic Annotations support scientists, researchers, insurers, doctors and lawyers in facing the challenges of accurate research and unearthing precise information. Enabling various applications such as automatic relationship discovery, content aggregation and recommendation, and regulatory compliance detection, Semantic Annotation comes handy when sifting through huge amounts of textual sources like scientific research, medical documents and health insurance claims.Any domain of knowledge can benefit from creating digital marginalia, provided they are well described (in a standard data language) and properly linked (semantically indexed and connected to highly-structured and machine-readable datasets). Currently, among the successful users of semantically annotated content are publishers, pharmaceutical companies, financial institutions and health-care organizations.Swamped in digital resources of all kinds, readers (new and traditional alike) crave relevancy. Semantic annotation provides a much-needed way for efficient document management. Weaving data into textual sources is what sets digital content apart from the restrictive organization i nto files and folders a technological relic from an ââ¬Å"archaic analogue ageâ⬠, as Jarred McGuiniss calls the era of gray filing cabinets, ring binders, and paper labels.With Semantic Annotation, textual sources are given the notes machines need in order to organize and serve content in an accurate and efficient way. It is yet another step towards to revolutionizing the way we approach information management and knowledge discovery.Or better, it is yet another note in the margin for future generations of all kinds of readers.Want to learn more about the value of Semantic Annotation?
Monday, March 9, 2020
4 Things That Surprised me About Self-Publishing an Academic Book
4 Things That Surprised me About Self-Publishing an Academic Book 4 Things That Surprised me About Self-Publishing an Academic Book Joshua Gans is a Professor of Strategic Managementà at the University of Toronto. He has been publishedà in the American Economic Review, Journal of Political Economy, RAND Journal of Economics, Journal of Economic Perspectives, and more. In this article, he talks about his recent book,à Scholarly Publishing and its Discontents, which looks at the market power of journal publishers. The critical nature of thisà subject led him to exploreà self-publishing for the first time - an experience which surprised him in more ways than one."This is the 21st Century. Please download the free PDF of this book at joshuagans.com and use the search function. Trust me, it will be easier."And that was that!Self-publishing has offered me unparalleled freedom, and allowed me to disseminate my work as never before. That being said, my sales are not as high as I have achieved before with traditional publishing. Then again, I havenââ¬â¢t commenced any marketing initiatives other than handing out copies and have broken a few ââ¬Å"rulesâ⬠- like designing my own book cover. But thatââ¬â¢s part of the beauty of self-publishing, doing things your way. This time around Iââ¬â¢m going to work at my leisure, update the book with new editions when I want, and do things by one set of rules: my own.Scholarly Publishing and its Discontentsà is available inà paperback from Amazon!Head to Joshua's website for more.Joshua published his recent bookà because he had an idea he wanted to get out there - not necessarily because he was looking to build a fan base of readers. Can you relate? Leave any thoughts, experiences, or any questions forà Joshua in the comments below.
Friday, February 21, 2020
The Punjab Conflict Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words
The Punjab Conflict - Essay Example These have a history of resisting central control, and with historical ties to the territories, they occupy (Chenoweth and Lawrence 222). The problems experienced in Punjab mainly root from aspects that are associated with religion in the area. These attempted to separate the Shikhs from other ethnic communities in the area, for political gain. In the 20th Century, conflicts erupted when various new ideologies were developed among the Sikhs. These therefore, had required that the central government meets their demands, which were both religious and political. When the central government failed to meet their demands, tension built up in the 1980ââ¬â¢s among Sikhs in Punjab and those in New Delhi. The Shikhs had sought a greater autonomy; for fear that, they were being assimilated into the greater cultural Indian and Hindu (Chenoweth and Lawrence 226). This led to massive violence, with detention of some Shikh leaders, as well as hundreds of the Sikhs. More than 3,000 civilians were killed, including troops, priests, and pilgrims. Sacred buildings were destroyed and political assassinations increased. The killing of Indira Gandhi by the Shikhs led to massive killings in New Delhi, claiming more than 2,000 lives. However, in 1985, a peace agreement was reached between the Indian government and the Shikhs. There followed a dismissal of the state government, and Punjab was put under presidentââ¬â¢s rule, which lasted up to 1992, when Beant Singh won the elections (Chenoweth and Lawrence 230). The Punjab violence of the 1990ââ¬â¢s began when approximately 80 people were killed in two incidences of train bombings in 1991. In addition, the assassination of Beant Singh, the senior... This paper stresses that in the 1990ââ¬â¢s during the new governance, the level of participation in conventional politics increased remarkably. The voter turnout for the municipal elections in September 1992 increased by 50 percent. In addition, voter turnout also was also high for gram panchayats in January 1993, and exceeded 70 percent. Generally, violence in Punjab declined during the years that followed. This report makes a conclusion that the government plays a critical role in different types of violence in a country. The involvement of the government in a conflict might result in either positive or negative consequences. The outcome of government intervention can only be positive, if it aims at ensuring fairness and equality of the involved parties. If fairness and justice is denied to either party, it is probable that the violence will escalate. In the case of Punjab conflict, there are two instances, where the government intervened differently. In the 1980ââ¬â¢s conflict, violence was high because the central government denied the Sikhs their political rights. The government then resorted to an inappropriate way of solving the issue by killing the Sikhs, with some of their leaders. This led to increased violence. However, in the 1990ââ¬â¢s when a new government took office, people were allowed to vote, unlike the 1980ââ¬â¢s. In addition, the political participation of p eople was increased in various ways. Although elements of unfairness toward the Sikhs were still present, this could not compare to the 1980ââ¬â¢s. Therefore, this quite fair involvement by the central government in the 1990ââ¬â¢s led the level of violence to decrease in Punjab.
Wednesday, February 5, 2020
Describe and critically evaluate the contributions of Non-Governmental Essay
Describe and critically evaluate the contributions of Non-Governmental Organisations (NGOs) to the development and promotion of civil society. Refer relevant li - Essay Example Thus Civil society can be defined as the political space between the individual and the government, expressed by membership of NGOs, social groups, associations and other organizations and networks. But its role in influencing state action and political processes, and in serving as a corrective and complement to market economies, implies that it should not be seen first and foremost as a channel for emergency and development assistance. However, Restrictions on civil and political rights, in particular the right to free association or free political expression, can serve to weaken civil society. Civil society may also be inhibited from playing a peace-building role by intimidation and attack. Information and communication networks may be especially vulnerable then. Thus civil society programme should be rooted in a firm analysis of the context and the role and position of civil-society groups in it. NGOââ¬â¢s thus help to build their capacity and reach by positively monitoring and supporting their provision of basic health and education services to facilitating advocacy roles and their promotion of dialogue (for peaceful dispute resolution, reconciliation etc.), information and other local and international issues. One pioneering consultation with NGO leaders from developing countries suggested that the nature of the state ââ¬â democratic, one-party, or military dictator ââ¬â is very important to the development of civil society (Tandon. 1989) More generally, analyses of experience across countries suggests that the ââ¬Å"social originsâ⬠of civil societies in historical interactions among major social forces (e.g., elites, workers, the middle class, the Church, and so on) shape the size and resources of the sector (Salamon and Anheier. 1998) Economic globalization is one of the most powerful forces that seem to have shaped the postwar world. Non-Governmental Organizations that emphasize on
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